きのうのブログで触れた「アイヌ期」住宅では、もうひとつ重要な擦文期までとの違いとして、縄文・続縄文・擦文と約3,000年間「竪穴」住宅で北海道の先人たちは暮らしていたのに、アイヌ期には「平地住宅」に移行していることが挙げられる。
　一昨日のブログで触れたように竪穴という住宅仕様は、なによりもその温熱環境的効果を期待したことが確実。人類史ではある期間、洞窟住居という段階があって、そこでの暮らしでの温熱的な「郷愁」に似た人間感覚記憶がDNAとして刷り込まれ、その後、より食糧を得やすい環境に移動していく過程で、その地で定住をはじめるとき、竪穴という新空間に惹かれ導かれて行ったのではないと夢想している。
　そういう人類史の普遍的スタイルに対してアイヌ期の住居は平地住宅なのだ。このことはいろいろな想像力、交易民というアイヌ民族の特性など強く刺激されるポイント。DNA的には擦文からアイヌという変移は間違いないのだろうけれど、生業において大きな変動があったのかもしれない。竪穴から平地住宅への変化にはさらに「温暖化」という背景事情もあったかもしれない。
　さて一方で、腰壁までの木製「土留め」は日本民家にも通底するようなインテリアの風景であり一種の「既視感」が迫ってくる。今日まで残る、腰壁までの仕上げとそれから上の仕上げを変えるのは、なにがしかの民族的インテリア感覚なのだろうか、と。
　上の２枚目の写真には、寝具としての萱状繊維が置かれている。夜間の温度低下をしのぐ用途だったと推定できる。ふとんの歴史を概観して見ると日本史で平安・鎌倉期に相当する時期にはまだまだ綿入りの寝具はなく、ちょうど筵のような萱状繊維の上で、普段から着ている服などを上に掛けて就寝していたとされている。「専用の掛け寝具」という概念はなかった。筵のような存在が敷きふとんの代わりだったのだ。そのような用途として、この地では萱状繊維それ自体が敷き込まれていたという推定。
　こういった段階から筵が畳に代わっていき、綿入りの寝具に進化していった。参考までにちょっと前のブログで紹介した江戸期の福島県の「土座」の写真再掲。土間・筵・床上げ・畳というような日本住宅の推移への連想が湧き上がってくる。

　竪穴住宅の中央部には囲炉裏があって土間になっているけれど、外壁側の周囲には床面に板材が敷き込まれている。壁面下部の板材と同様、こういった木材仕上げについてどのような「木割り加工」道具と技術があったのか、この点は今後、探究していきたい。東大の研究成果としてこのように住空間が復元されているので、蓋然性は高いのだろう。一種の「木製ベッド」と考えられる空間。面白い。

English version⬇

[Wooden floor finish, 1000 years ago Hokkaido residence – Tokoro ruins – 3
From the history of bedding, in this period, there was no concept of a quilt bedding, but a grass-like fiber as a role of bedding. The lower part of the bedding was finished with a wooden bed-like floor. …

　Another important difference between the “Ainu Period” housing and the “Aboriginal Period” housing mentioned in yesterday’s blog is that Hokkaido’s ancestors lived in “pit” housing for about 3,000 years during the Jomon, Shijo-Jomon, and Aboriginal periods, but during the Ainu Period, they shifted to “flatland housing.
　As mentioned in the blog of the day before yesterday, the housing specification of “pit” was surely expected above all for its thermal environmental effect. I have a dream that, for a certain period of human history, there was a phase of cave dwellings, and that human sensory memories similar to thermal “nostalgia” from living in cave dwellings were imprinted in our DNA, and that later, when we moved to an environment where it was easier to obtain food, we were attracted to the new space of the pit and were led there. I think that they may have been attracted to and led by the new space of the pit when they began to settle down there.
　In contrast to this universal style of human history, Ainu dwellings were flatland dwellings. Although there is no doubt that the Ainu people’s DNA has undergone a transition from the Scythian to the Ainu, there may have been a major change in the way they made their living. The change from pit houses to flatland houses may have also been caused by background circumstances such as global warming.
　On the other hand, the wooden “mud-frame” up to the waist wall is an interior landscape that is common to Japanese minka houses, and a sense of “déjà vu” looms over us. I wondered if it was some kind of ethnic interior design sense that changed the finish up to and above the hip wall, which has remained to this day.
　In the second photo above, a bedding material, a hemp-like fiber, is placed on the floor. It is assumed that it was used to keep the temperature down at night. Looking at the history of futons, it is said that in the Heian and Kamakura periods of Japanese history, there was still no cotton-filled bedding, and people slept on mat-like mats with their regular clothes draped over the mats. There was no concept of “special quilt bedding. A mat-like mat was a substitute for a futon. It is estimated that the straw mats themselves were laid on the ground for such a purpose.
　From this stage, mats replaced tatami mats and evolved into cotton-filled bedding. For reference, here are some photos of Fukushima Prefecture’s “doza” from the Edo period (1603-1868) that I posted on my blog a while ago. The doza, mats, raised floors, and tatami mats allude to the transition of Japanese housing.

　In the center of the pit house, there is an earthen floor with a hearth, but around the outer wall side, there are planks laid on the floor. As with the planks on the lower part of the wall, what kind of “wood splitting” tools and techniques were used for this kind of wood finishing will be explored in the future. Since the living space has been restored in this way as a result of research conducted by the University of Tokyo, it is highly probable. This space can be considered a kind of “wooden bed”. Interesting.

Posted on 10月 23rd, 2024 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 住宅取材＆ウラ話, 歴史探訪