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【家系が地域管掌の「江戸期ニュービジネス」竹原塩田】



 「四百年間のいのちの履歴書」シリーズ、昨日からの「竹原塩田」篇。
 わたしにこの家系史探究の承継を命じた次兄の取り組んでいたのは、やはり「系図」探査という日本人一般にある心的情動部分が大きい。しかし引き継いだわたしは社会的生き様に強く惹かれるタイプ。どんどん探究できる各時代相のなかで、大部分共通したDNAを持つ先祖が、どう生きたかという視点が強まってくる。
 江戸期は当初1800万石程度だった「GDP」が元禄期くらいまでに3000万石程度まで拡大して耕地面積も広がっていた。それと同時に、ひたすら「コメ経済」志向で増税を考えている武家と、拡張された田畑ではむしろ米以外の商品作物への期待感が高まる農家とで対立が生まれる。瀬戸内海海浜地域では農業土木技術のもっとも直接的な商品作物化として「塩業」というニュービジネスが勃興した。
 この瀬戸内海塩業の最先端地域が播州・赤穂で、その経済的富裕の評判を聞きつけた「高家」吉良上野介が露骨に賄賂をせびったのが忠臣蔵事件。縁戚の広島浅野家としてこの塩浜新技術は即、導入された。
 試験操業は大成功し、すぐに塩田の大型化が始められその「浜主」権を求め地元の豪農商は言うに及ばず、遠く広島城下の商家まで利権を競合したという。それに対して浅野藩はさらに積極的な「勧業政策」で応えた。経済最重視の秀吉政権以来の体質が、この浅野家には十分にあったと言えるのだろうか。
 米作農地に対しては増税対応なのに塩田に対しては「勧業的」ならば、民心は当然そうした事業領域に注目していく。
 そもそも新規に開発された「新開」田畑では、米以外の商品作物での現金収入志向が農民層に大きく広がっていった時代相。市場経済が進展していくのは趨勢。
 この竹原塩田からの現金収入は藩経済の主要産品だった。
 わが家系の「所務役」であった原平七は地域総体の管掌はしていたが、塩田の主要部は竹原市域で浅野藩の直轄だった。しかし近隣の吉名村・木谷村は所務役として管掌する塩田地帯。租税の状況について豪農層としてその経済構造については熟知していたことだろう。そして経済構造としては、尾道からの北前交易での「移出」が核心的利益だということはアタマに叩き込まれていた。 <さらに竹原塩田シリーズ、続きへ>

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【Takahara Salt Fields: A Regionally Managed “Edo Period New Business”】
The peasantry became strongly drawn to cash income from “cash crops” other than rice. Salt production was the most privileged commodity even within the samurai-dominated system. Its enormous profit rights…

 The “Four Hundred Years of Life’s Resume” series, continuing yesterday’s “Takahara Salt Fields” installment.
My second eldest brother, who entrusted me with continuing this family history research, was driven largely by the typical Japanese emotional attachment to genealogy exploration. But I, who took over, am strongly drawn to examining social ways of life. As I delve deeper into each era, my focus intensifies on how ancestors sharing largely common DNA lived their lives.
During the Edo period, the “GDP”—initially around 18 million koku—expanded to roughly 30 million koku by the Genroku era, accompanied by increased cultivated land. Simultaneously, conflict arose between the samurai class, fixated on a “rice economy” and seeking tax increases, and the farmers, who saw the expanded fields as opportunities for cash crops beyond rice. Along the Seto Inland Sea coast, a new business emerged: the salt industry. This represented the most direct application of agricultural engineering techniques to cash crop production.
 The forefront of this Setouchi salt industry was Banshu (present-day Hyogo Prefecture) and Akō. Hearing of its economic prosperity, the high-ranking court noble Kira Kozukenosuke blatantly demanded bribes, sparking the Chūshingura incident. As a related clan, the Hiroshima Asano family immediately adopted this new salt field technology.
 Trial operations proved highly successful, prompting immediate expansion of the salt fields. Local wealthy farmers and merchants, naturally, sought the rights to manage these “salt fields,” and even merchants from distant Hiroshima Castle town competed for these privileges. The Asano domain responded with an even more aggressive “promotion of industry policy.” One might say the Asano family fully embodied the economic-first mindset inherited from the Hideyoshi administration.
While imposing tax increases on rice-farming land, the domain adopted a “promotional” stance toward salt fields. Naturally, public attention shifted toward such ventures.
Moreover, newly developed “reclaimed” farmland fostered a widespread trend among peasants toward cash crops for income beyond rice. The advancement of a market economy was an inevitable trend.
 Cash income from the Takehara salt fields was a primary product of the domain’s economy.
Hara Heishichi, who served as the “Sokumyaku” (administrative officer) for our family branch, managed the overall region, but the main salt fields were located within Takehara City and were directly controlled by the Asano domain. However, the salt field areas in the neighboring villages of Yoshiina and Kitan were under his jurisdiction as Sokumyaku. As a wealthy farmer, he would have been thoroughly familiar with the economic structure and tax situation. And as for the economic structure, it was drummed into our heads that the core profit came from the “shipment” via the Kitamae trade from Onomichi.

●Notice
My book “Writers and Living Spaces” published as an e-book by Gentosha
Available on Amazon.

 
 
 
 

【浅野藩の所務役として管掌した「竹原塩田」事業】




「四百年間のいのちの履歴書」シリーズ、1718年百姓一揆で打ち毀されたわが家系のその後探究。
 この当時の当主、原平七については伝承されてきた記録や親族による調査でもその後の形跡が残されていない。ただその息子の「源七」が備後福山藩領の松永で塩田事業を行ったとの記載。
 いわばミッシングリンクですが、この親子間のつながりに「塩田」が介在すると思われます。浅野藩領・入野に居を構えながら抜擢されて藩の役人「所務役」として1万石相当地域の徴税担当者として活動した。藩から財政再建・税収増を期待されたのですが、その管掌地域に浅野藩塩業の中核・竹原塩田があったのです。
 写真上は竹原塩田の1953年の航空写真。その下の塩田風景は能登を旅していたころ探訪した「輪島塩」のもの。昔ながらの塩づくり工房。
 徳川家康に創始された幕藩体制社会は家康期の大量金保有が5代綱吉ころにはほぼ枯渇し、財政危機が慢性化してくる。その時期に「亨保の改革」に吉宗が取り組み始めるが、基本的にはコメ経済社会での増税であり。百姓への過酷な収奪強化が行われそれへの反発から百姓一揆が続発する。
 そういう時代背景の中で塩田事業は、かろうじて「未来投企」的な産業領域だった。
 塩田造営には土木・灌漑の経験知が不可欠。紀州から入野への入植経緯からはわが家系一統にはそういう知見の積層が垣間見られる。
 この竹原塩田は1650年に赤穂(兵庫県)から最新の入浜式塩田技術を導入し賀茂川河口の干拓地に築造された。当初は米の新田開発で藩による公共事業として取り組まれた。開発に当たっては近隣の藩領である豊田郡などから人夫が動員された記録。豊田郡は家系所縁の入野が含まれる地域。
 土地改良開発当初から庄屋である家系に対しても「人夫動員」夫役〜ぶやく〜が課されたことが想像される。庄屋として人夫を引率し現地で立ち働いていたことだろう。
 その新田開発地域の海岸側では潮水が浸入して米作には不適で放置されていた。その様子を当時「薪」を購入しに来ていた播州・赤穂の「薪船」の人びとが「このような土地は塩浜にするのが良策」と勧めたのだと。想像すれば、船は塩づくりで不可欠な加熱燃料として薪を買い付けに来ていたのだろう。
 その献策が採用されたのが竹原塩田創始の経緯なのだという。 <この稿、あしたにつづく>

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【The “Takehara Salt Fields” Project Managed as an Administrative Duty of the Asano Domain】
The Takehara Salt Fields, established around 1650 as a public works project. Laborers were mobilized from the region, including the ancestral lands, for the civil engineering development. The purpose shifted from the original rice cultivation to salt production. …

The “Four Hundred Years of Life’s Resume” Series: Investigating the Fate of My Family Line After Its Destruction in the 1718 Peasant Uprising.
Regarding Hara Heishichi, the head of the family at that time, no traces of his subsequent life remain, even in records passed down through tradition or investigations by relatives. Only a record states that his son, “Genshichi,” operated a salt field business in Matsunaga within the Bingo Fukuyama domain.
 This is essentially a missing link, but it is believed that “salt fields” served as the connecting element between father and son. While residing in Irino within the Asano domain, he was promoted to serve as a domain official, a “Domain Administrator,” responsible for tax collection in a region equivalent to 10,000 koku. The domain expected him to rebuild its finances and increase tax revenue. Crucially, within his jurisdiction lay the Takihara Salt Fields, the core of the Asano domain’s salt industry.
 The top photo shows an aerial view of the Takehara Salt Fields from 1953. The salt field scene below is of “Wajima Salt,” which I visited while traveling in Noto. It depicts a traditional salt-making workshop.
The feudal system established by Tokugawa Ieyasu saw the massive gold reserves accumulated during his era nearly depleted by the time of the fifth shogun, Tsunayoshi, leading to chronic fiscal crises. During this period, Yoshimune initiated the “Kyōhō Reforms,” but these were fundamentally tax increases within a rice-based economy. The intensified, harsh exploitation of peasants led to widespread peasant uprisings in protest.
Against this backdrop, the salt field enterprise was, barely, a “future-oriented investment” type of industry.
 Building salt fields required essential expertise in civil engineering and irrigation. The history of settlement from Kishu to Irino reveals glimpses of such accumulated knowledge within our family lineage.
This Takehara Salt Field was constructed in 1650 on reclaimed land at the mouth of the Kamo River, utilizing the latest inlet-type salt field technology introduced from Ako (Hyogo Prefecture). Initially, it was undertaken as a public works project by the domain for developing new rice fields. Records indicate laborers were mobilized from neighboring domains like Toyoda District for the development. Toyoda District included Irino, a place connected to our family lineage.
It’s reasonable to assume that from the start of the land improvement project, the family lineage, being village headmen, was also assigned the duty of “laborer mobilization”—grumbling about it. As village headmen, they likely led the laborers and worked alongside them on-site.
 The coastal part of this newly developed rice field area was unsuitable for rice cultivation due to tidal water intrusion and had been left unused. People from Banshu’s Akō, who came to purchase firewood (“薪”), observed this situation and advised, “Making this land into salt fields would be a good strategy.” One can imagine these ships came to buy firewood as essential fuel for heating in salt production.
 This advice was adopted, marking the founding of the Takehara Salt Fields.

●Notice
My book “Writers and Living Spaces” published as an e-book by Gentosha
Available on Amazon.

【1718年百姓一揆と1969年学生運動のDNA「体験記憶再生」】



 選挙関連の時事ネタから「四百年間のいのちの履歴書」シリーズに復帰。
 先日来、百姓一揆で「打ち毀された」家系先祖の資料を探索して鬱勃とする思いが湧き上がっている。ブログ記事として書いたら自分自身1970年安保学生運動に高校生として参加していた当時のことが記憶復元してきていた。たまたま知人から反響・意見もいただいて、まざまざと当時の記憶がよみがえってきた。
 それは高校時代の政治的テーマでの「全校集会」でのこと。
 わたしの通った高校は自由な校風が謳われる環境。当時多感な高校生にとっても反安保闘争は大いに刺激される世の動き。わたしはそういう学生運動に共感した渦の中心にいた活動家。当時の佐藤首相が訪米してアメリカとの間で「安保条約」改訂の最終交渉に向かう直前。学内で朝の全校集会時にその問題を提起して多くの賛同を得て「学生集会」へと集会目的を切り替えさせていた。
 わたしは「新左翼系」の運動に参加していた。集会では共産党系の「民青」とおぼしき発言も出ていたが、それに対して反論を加えて多数からの支持を受けたりしていた。
 やがて集会が盛り上がってきたので、わたしはそれまで隠していた活動家の証明の「ヘルメット」をやおら被って「学内デモでみんなの意思表示をしよう!」と呼びかけた。空気が一変し、なんとたいへん多数の賛同を得ることが出来た。その瞬間の熱気はいまでも記憶の底にある。
 そして学生玄関先で高校生のデモ隊列を指揮していたとき、共産党系の活動家と認識していたわたしの担任の先生が脇に立ち現れ「三木、絶対に学外には出るなよ!オマエ以外はみんな無垢の高校生だ。かれらに違法行為(無届けデモ)をさせるのは、絶対にやめろよ!」と説得に来ていたのだ。
 それに対してわたしは「それは心配いりません。オレが処分されるのは甘受するけれど、参加してくれるみんなを違法行為に引き込んだりはしませんから」と返答していた。
 ・・・わたしの家系先祖の百姓一揆「打ち毀し」受難体験を江戸期の浅野藩の「公式記録」で掘り起こしていて、自分自身のこのときの体験記憶がフラッシュバックした。さらに百姓一揆での倫理的な「掟」を学習させていただくなかで、その日本的な対応の近似性が血肉的に感じられたのだ。
 300年以上の時空を越えて、それも立場が反対と思えるようなフラッシュバック。
 江戸期のひとびとの高い精神性と、それがわたしたちにすら伝統意識として「つたわっている」かと。
 そしてさらに、こうした高校生運動を受け止めていた当時の高校校長が、PTA集会で親御さんたちから「どうしてデモを阻止しなかったのか」と糾弾されたとき「教育者としてこどもを信じないでどうするのですか」と答えていた事実を、恥ずかしながら56年の時間を経てブログ記事反応で、はじめて知らされた。
 血脈DNAの複層的な体験と周囲の反応、社会が見つめる「視線」それらが渾然一体となっての再生。歴史と人間というもののリアリティに沈殿させられている次第。・・・
<写真は百姓一揆「打ち毀し」絵図と1969年学生運動記録>

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【The DNA of the 1718 Peasant Uprising and the 1969 Student Movement: “Reviving Experiential Memory”】
From exploring records of uprising suppression, reviving “ethnic social memory” across 300 years of time and space. The enduring power of our ancestors’ ethical convictions. …

 Returning to the “Four Hundred Years of Life’s Resume” series from election-related current events.
Recently, exploring materials on ancestors from a family line “smashed to pieces” in a peasant uprising has stirred up a surge of pent-up emotions. Writing about it as a blog post triggered memories of my own participation in the 1970 Security Treaty student protests as a high schooler. Receiving reactions and opinions from acquaintances by chance vividly brought those memories back to life.
It was during a “school-wide assembly” on a political theme back in high school.
My high school boasted an environment celebrated for its liberal ethos. For sensitive high schoolers like us, the anti-Security Treaty struggle was a hugely stimulating social movement. I was an activist right in the thick of it, deeply sympathetic to that student movement. It was just before then-Prime Minister Sato visited the US to enter final negotiations with America on revising the Security Treaty. During a morning school-wide assembly, I raised the issue, gained significant support, and successfully shifted the assembly’s purpose to a “student assembly.”
I was involved in the “New Left” movement. At the assembly, statements likely from Communist Party-affiliated “Minsei” members were made, but I countered them and gained support from the majority.
As the assembly grew more heated, I suddenly put on the “helmet” I had been hiding—my activist’s badge—and called out, “Let’s express our will through an on-campus demonstration!” The atmosphere shifted instantly, and to my surprise, I gained overwhelming support. The fervor of that moment remains etched in my memory.
 Then, while directing the high school student demonstration line at the university entrance, my homeroom teacher—whom I recognized as a Communist Party activist—appeared beside me. He pleaded, “Miki, absolutely do not leave the campus! Everyone else here is innocent high school students. You must not lead them into illegal activity (an unregistered demonstration)!”
To this, I replied “Don’t worry about that. I’ll accept whatever punishment comes my way, but I won’t drag anyone else into illegal activity.”
…I was researching my family’s history of suffering during the peasant uprising “Uchikudashi” through the Edo-period Asano domain’s “official records,” and my own memory of this experience flashed back. Furthermore, as I learned the ethical “code” of the peasant uprising, I felt its Japanese-style response resonate deeply within me.
A flashback spanning over 300 years of time and space, and one where the positions seemed reversed.
The high spirituality of the Edo period people, and how it might still be “transmitted” to us as a sense of tradition.
 Moreover, I was ashamed to learn only now, 56 years later through a blog comment, that the high school principal who had supported these student movements was once confronted by parents at a PTA meeting: “Why didn’t you stop the demonstrations?” To which he replied, “As an educator, how can I not believe in the children?”
 The multi-layered experience of bloodline DNA, the reactions of those around us, and the “gaze” society casts upon us—all these blend into a single, regenerative whole. I find myself immersed in the reality of history and humanity. …

●Notice
My book “Writers and Living Spaces” published as an e-book by Gentosha
Available on Amazon.
 

【天安門弾圧中共の側なの?左派への日本人「巨大民意」】



 どうしても昨晩から選挙報道に集中してしまった・・・みなさん、お疲れさまです。
 民主国家では選挙は主権者である国民自身が国の方向性を決める最高の意思決定手段。その「民意」はきわめて重い。今回ほど明確に国民の意思が示された結果も珍しいと思える。
 安倍暗殺以降の政権の左傾化への強い反発から相次いだ国政選挙での自由民主党の大敗。そしてなにを言っているのかわからない「ねばねば」前総理をようやく交代させ、最後の最後になってようやく民意に近しい女性総理を選出した。そこからの彼女の真摯な執政の姿勢は、多くの国民に共感を呼んでいた。また女性財務相もよき一体ぶりだったと思う。その上で女性総理は外交の舞台で明確なメッセージを発信した。
 対して共産中国は中華皇帝的な上から意識丸出しで、日本に対して脅迫的な外交対応を見せてきた。
 そしてそれに対して野党勢力やマスコミは、およそ日本人らしからぬ迎合的な姿をさらけ出し続けた。
 天安門事件という許しがたい独裁圧政の黒歴史を、人権を声高に叫ぶ勢力側であるのに、すべて忘却したかのように振る舞い続けてきたのだ。え、日本の人権左派って一度も自国の民意を問うていない独裁に屈服するの?・・・日本の民衆は今回まさに「民主的に」こうした勢力に完全なるNOを突き付けた。
 〜ということなのだろう。そういう巨視把握を持たなければ理解できないほど巨大な国民意志。
 そして2/1には、ついに深海底6000mからレアアースの採取に成功した。また、日本の領海で自噴する「燃える氷」次世代エネルギー資源・メタンハイドレートの商業利用も目前に迫ってきている。日本らしく先端科学技術を活用して「海洋資源大国化」という国の未来形も現出し始めて来ている。
 今回の国民意志には、未来を開きたいという強い願いが込められている。
 さて、朝日新聞・共同通信たちよ、あなた方はこの国民意志にどう対応するつもりなの?

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【Are You on the CCP’s Side in the Tiananmen Crackdown? Japan’s “Massive Public Sentiment” Against the Left】
The true nature of the “postwar left” is becoming visible. The massive public sentiment of the Japanese people as a whole is now demanding awakening. So, Asahi, which side will you take tomorrow? …

 I just couldn’t help focusing on election coverage since last night… Everyone, you’ve worked hard.
In a democracy, elections are the supreme means by which the sovereign people themselves determine the nation’s direction. That “public will” carries immense weight. It’s rare to see results that so clearly demonstrate the people’s will as this time.
 The Liberal Democratic Party’s successive crushing defeats in national elections stemmed from strong backlash against the government’s leftward shift following the assassination of Abe. Finally, they replaced the incomprehensible, “sticky” former Prime Minister and, at the very last moment, elected a female Prime Minister closely aligned with public sentiment. Her sincere approach to governance since then resonated deeply with many citizens. The female finance minister also demonstrated commendable unity. Building on this, the female prime minister delivered clear messages on the diplomatic stage.
In contrast, Communist China has displayed an overtly imperial, top-down consciousness, engaging in threatening diplomatic maneuvers toward Japan.
Meanwhile, opposition forces and the media have persistently exposed an uncharacteristically Japanese-like, accommodating posture.
 Despite being the very forces that loudly champion human rights, they have acted as if they had completely forgotten the unforgivable dark history of dictatorial oppression known as the Tiananmen Square incident. Wait, are Japan’s human rights leftists really going to bow down to a dictatorship that has never once consulted its own people? …This time, the Japanese populace has delivered a resounding, “democratic” NO to these forces.
 That’s what it means. The sheer magnitude of this national will is impossible to grasp without such a macro perspective.
Then, on February 1st, Japan finally succeeded in extracting rare earth elements from the deep sea floor at 6,000 meters. Furthermore, the commercial utilization of methane hydrate, the next-generation energy resource known as “burning ice” that naturally flows in Japan’s territorial waters, is now imminent. True to Japan’s character, the nation’s future form as a “maritime resource powerhouse” utilizing cutting-edge science and technology is beginning to emerge.
This national will embodies a strong desire to open up the future.
Now then, Asahi Shimbun, Kyodo News, and others—how do you intend to respond to this national will?

●Notice
My book “Writers and Living Spaces” published as an e-book by Gentosha
Available on Amazon.
 

【冬来たりなば春遠からじ、光の春へ】


 昨日、育児支援で大忙しのカミさんと久しぶり息抜きに夫婦水入らずで、クルマを走らせて海辺の温泉へ。
 やはり北海道の自然は季節の微妙なうつろいを感じさせて、癒してくれる。つい先日までの大雪では高速道路もしばらく不通だったのですが、除雪も完璧にされていて、みなさんの努力に頭が下がりますね。
 この時期の北海道は雪がたっぷり降り積もっていますが、太陽光は徐々に明るさが増してくる。一種の「季語」として光の春というコトバが北海道にはあるのですが、そんな季節感。
 たしかに雪は多く寒冷は最高潮に達してくるのですが、この光の春の陽光が、白い雪原に反射して視界の明度が格段に上がってくるのですね。それでトンネルの暗転で眼の調節機能が「びっくり」してしまう(笑)。
 そういうことも含めて「季語感」が迫ってきますね。
 写真は、北海道神宮本殿から300mほどの森の中でいつも出会うリス。
 久しぶりに顔を覗きに行ったのですが、かれもこっちを凝視してくる。「お、なんかコイツ見たことあるな。なんだよ、エサでオレを自由に操ろうとするのか?」みたいな波動を伝えてくる(笑)。
 「いやいや、動物虐待である餌やりなどは絶対しないよ。」
 「なんだ、写真撮るだけかよ。オレにも肖像権はあるからな」。
 「いや、ブログでだけくらいだから許してくれよ」
 「う〜む、ワルげはなさそうだから許してやるか、ふむ」
 ・・・みたいな妄想対話が楽しい。
 さて本日は投票日。わたしたち夫婦は高齢者らしく天候悪化での危険を避けて期日前投票を済ませていますが、親族の投票の支援のために「留守番」役をしてきます。札幌はいまのところはそう荒天にはならないようですので、未来へのきちんとした意思表示を。

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When winter comes, spring cannot be far behind—toward the light of spring.
“The light of spring”—perhaps a seasonal phrase unique to Hokkaido.
Snow stretches as far as the eye can see, and the sun sparkles brightly upon it.
I pray for fine weather today.

 Yesterday, my wife, who’s been swamped with childcare duties, and I took a rare break for some couple time alone. We drove to a seaside hot spring.
Hokkaido’s nature truly makes you feel the subtle shifts of the seasons and heals you. Just the other day, heavy snow closed the expressway for a while, but the snow removal was perfect. I’m truly impressed by everyone’s efforts.
 Hokkaido at this time of year is blanketed in deep snow, yet the sunlight gradually grows brighter. There’s a term in Hokkaido, a sort of seasonal word, called “light spring” (hikari no haru) – that’s the feeling of the season.
True, the snow is deep and the cold reaches its peak, but the sunlight of this light spring reflects off the white snowfields, dramatically increasing the brightness of the landscape. That’s why when you enter a tunnel, your eyes get a real shock adjusting to the darkness (laugh).
 That sensation, along with everything else, really brings home the feeling of a seasonal word.
The photo shows a squirrel I always encounter in the woods about 300 meters from the main hall of Hokkaido Jingu Shrine.
I went to peek at him after a long time, and he stared right back at me. He seemed to be sending off vibes like, “Oh, I’ve seen this guy before. What’s up? Trying to manipulate me with food?” (laughs).
 “No, no, I’d never do something cruel like feeding animals.”
“Oh, you just want a picture? I’ve got portrait rights too, you know.”
“Come on, it’s just for my blog. Cut me some slack.”
“Hmm… You don’t seem too shady. I guess I’ll let you off. Hmm.”
…That kind of imaginary dialogue is fun.
 Today is election day. Being the responsible seniors we are, my wife and I already voted early to avoid the dangers of worsening weather. But now we’re heading out to “hold down the fort” while helping relatives cast their votes. Sapporo doesn’t seem to be getting hit too hard by the storm just yet, so let’s make sure our voices are heard for the future.

●Notice
My book “Writers and Living Spaces” is now available as an e-book from Gentosha.
Available on Amazon.

【癒されます。寒中のアマテラス「慈母観音」さん】



 写真は散歩道の円山登山口に立ち尽くされている慈母観音さん。
 札幌の人たちに人気があるようでこの雪景色の中、帽子をかぶりコートをまとわれている。市民有志が「お寒い」だろうと心配されてこのようなお姿。
 左手には嬰児をしっかり抱かれ、足下にはたくさんの子どもたちがその徳と愛情を慕ってすがりついている。なんとも神々しいお姿にいつも散歩の時、心中で「般若心経」を唱えさせていただいています。
 急いでいるときには参詣の2−3分前くらいから唱え始めてちょうど終わるころに対面できるように計算してお目に掛かったりしております。
 日本人はアマテラス神話を祖先神文化として大切にしてきている。
 仏教が伝来し神仏習合などを経て、この慈母観音という存在は文化的に重なって続いてきた。
 北海道札幌は最北の日本文化地域。積雪寒冷のこの時期にも日本文化らしさを感じるお姿。
 最近家族に慶事があり、自然とこの観音さんに深い「慈愛」を見させていただいています。
 世は選挙一色でありますが、家族への愛の祈りをしずかに捧げ続けております。あ、わたしは特定宗教に入れ込んでいるものではまったくありません(笑)。わが家近くには基督教関係の集会所もあり、そのリーダーの方とも親しい隣人ですが「わが家は無垢な真言宗徒なので、ぜひ仲良く」とお願いし、こころよく「良き隣人関係」を続けさせていただいています。人間愛に垣根はない。
 今回の選挙は「戦後世界」という体制が崩壊し、むき出しの独裁者たちが日本に対してもあからさまにキバを見せている最中に行われている。そして戦後体制の中で国民言論を「操作していた」メディアという存在にも民の側で大きな疑問の気付きが起こっている。こうしたことは自覚すべきでしょう。
 未来を担う嬰児たちの安寧のために、考えて行動したいですね。

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Healing. Amaterasu in the Cold: “Compassionate Mother Kannon”
In northern Japan’s cultural region, the divine power that heals life amidst the harsh cold seeps into one’s very being. Through the Heart Sutra in the heart, prayers for the future. …

 The photo shows the Compassionate Mother Kannon statue standing at the Maruyama trailhead along the walking path.
She seems popular with Sapporo residents, dressed in a hat and coat amidst this snowy scene. Concerned citizens, thinking she must be cold, dressed her this way.
In her left hand, she holds an infant securely, while at her feet, many children cling to her, drawn by her virtue and love. Her truly divine presence always moves me to silently chant the Heart Sutra during my walks.
When in a hurry, I start chanting about two or three minutes before reaching the shrine, timing it so I finish just as I arrive to pay my respects.
 The Japanese have cherished the Amaterasu myth as a foundational ancestral deity culture.
Through the introduction of Buddhism and syncretism, this figure of the Compassionate Mother Kannon has culturally overlapped and endured.
Sapporo, Hokkaido, is the northernmost region of Japanese culture. Even in this snowy, frigid season, her presence embodies quintessential Japanese culture.
Recently, my family experienced a joyous occasion, and I naturally found myself witnessing this Kannon’s profound “compassion.”
 While the world is consumed by election fever, I continue to quietly offer prayers of love for my family. Ah, I am absolutely not deeply involved in any specific religion (laughs). Near my home is a Christian gathering place, and I am close neighbors with its leader. I asked, “My family are pure Shingon Buddhists, so please let us be good neighbors,” and we kindly continue our “good neighborly relationship.” Human love knows no barriers.
 This election is taking place as the “postwar world” system collapses, with exposed dictators openly baring their fangs toward Japan. Simultaneously, the public is becoming acutely aware of the media’s role in “manipulating” public discourse within that postwar framework. We should be conscious of these realities.
For the peace of mind of the infants who will bear the future, I want to think and act.

●Notice
My book “Writers and Living Spaces” published as an e-book by Gentosha
Available on Amazon.

Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
 
 
 

【打ち毀された「所務役」、一揆側は「獄門から顕彰へ」】



 昨日に引き続き1718年の広島浅野藩領での「亨保の百姓一揆」について。
 江戸時代も中頃になると各藩財政が苦境に至っていた。幕府は将軍吉宗が享保の改革を打ち出し財政再建を図るけれど、数年前から広島藩も農民に対して倹約令を出し貢租の増徴を計っていた。五代藩主浅野吉長は正徳2年(1712年)に徴税強化のため「正徳新格」を発布し財政改革に着手した。従来の「郡奉行ー代官ー大割庄屋ー庄屋ー組頭」という徴税組織を「郡奉行ー郡支配ー所務役人ー頭庄屋ー庄屋ー組頭」に改編。従来形では庄屋や農民の抵抗で財政改革が進まないので、有力庄屋から所務役人を抜擢して苗字帯刀を許し俸給も与え徴税強化推進役にして改革を推進しようというもの。
 この改革によって貢租が強化され、藩全体に農民の不満が当然溜まった。
 上の写真は現在の広島県山県郡北広島町有田に残されている一揆首謀者のひとり吉左衛門さんの「顕彰碑」クローズアップ。義民という尊称。一揆は1718年に勃発し藩全体で30万人が立ち上がった。藩は一揆側の要求を丸呑みし、課税強化策として導入した「所務役」制度をすぐに制度撤回し旧来に戻し行政対応のまずさを是認した。一揆側の政治的勝利。
 しかし一方で騒動のほとぼりが冷めた1ヶ月後、一揆首謀者は藩全体で49名が斬首・獄門の極刑に処せられ入牢などが129名、その他逐電逃亡したもの多数に及んだとされる。2枚目の古文書翻刻文は藩の一揆首謀者への処分対応記録文。「即刻死罪」と武家独裁らしい残獄さ。現代世界まで残る「独裁」の無能・無惨。
・・・わが家系の原平七さんはこの渦中のど真ん中にいた。それも藩と百姓一揆側のど真ん中(泣)。
 「有力庄屋から所務役人を抜擢」され俸給も受けていた以上、封建制社会の中での「最適解」として生きてきたことが社会的に認証されたに等しい。その境遇に対し謙虚であるのは、子孫として理解できる。
 しかし結果、理不尽という言葉の前で、現代のわたしでも立ち止まってしまう。
 まさか所務役という抜擢指名を拒否することは、それ自体が反逆行為で「即刻死罪」だろう。
 日本社会ではやむを得ない「流れ」と言えるだろうか。一方で一揆後5−6年で首謀者は「義民」として尊称される。一時期高校生の少年期、新左翼運動に関わった自分自身としても、DNAの不思議な邂逅に驚かされざるを得ない。・・・

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【The “School Administrator” Who Was Beaten to Death: The Rebels’ Call to “From the Gallows to Commemoration”】
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, as I became deeply involved in the New Left movement in high school, I was forced to confront the DNA of ancestors caught between the cracks of social systems. An encounter with injustice. …

 Continuing from yesterday, regarding the “Kyōhō Peasants’ Uprising” in the Hiroshima Asano domain in 1718.
By the mid-Edo period, the finances of various domains had reached a critical state. Although the shogunate, under Shōgun Yoshimune, implemented the Kyōhō Reforms to rebuild the finances, the Hiroshima domain had also been issuing austerity decrees to its peasants and attempting to increase tribute taxes for several years. The fifth domain lord, Asano Yoshichō, initiated fiscal reforms in 1712 (Shōtoku 2) by enacting the “Shōtoku New Regulations” to strengthen tax collection. He reorganized the traditional tax collection hierarchy—“District Magistrate → Deputy Magistrate → Major Tax Collector → Village Headman → Group Leader”—into “District Magistrate → District Administrator → Office Clerk → Chief Village Headman → Village Headman → Group Leader.” The previous system stalled fiscal reforms due to resistance from village headmen and peasants. Therefore, influential village headmen were promoted to office clerks, granted the privilege of wearing surnames and swords, and given stipends to serve as tax collection enforcers and drive the reforms forward.
This reform strengthened tribute and tax collection, naturally causing discontent among peasants throughout the domain.
 The photo above shows a close-up of the “Commemorative Monument” for Kichizaemon, one of the leaders of the uprising, preserved in Arita, Kitahiroshima Town, Yamagata District, Hiroshima Prefecture. Honored as righteous citizens. The uprising erupted in 1718, mobilizing 300,000 people across the entire domain. The domain government fully accepted the rebels’ demands, immediately repealing the “administrative officer” system introduced as a tax-strengthening measure and reverting to the old system, thereby acknowledging its poor administrative handling. A political victory for the rebels.
 However, one month later, once the turmoil had subsided, 49 uprising leaders across the domain were executed by beheading or impalement. Another 129 were imprisoned, and many others fled into exile. The second ancient document is a transcript of the domain’s record of punishments for the uprising leaders. The phrase “immediate death penalty” reflects the ruthless cruelty typical of samurai autocracy. The incompetence and cruelty of “dictatorship” that lingers into the modern world.
…My ancestor, Genpei Shichi, was right in the thick of this turmoil. Right in the thick of it for both the domain and the peasant rebels (weeps).
Having been “promoted from influential village headman to official” and receiving a stipend, his life as the “optimal solution” within feudal society was effectively socially validated. As his descendant, I can understand his humility in that situation.
Yet the outcome, faced with sheer injustice, makes even me today pause.
Refusing such an appointment as a feudal official would surely have been an act of rebellion itself, warranting “immediate death penalty.”
 Could this be called an unavoidable “flow” within Japanese society? On the other hand, within five or six years after the uprising, the ringleaders were honored as “righteous citizens.” As someone who was involved in the new leftist movement during my own teenage years in high school, I cannot help but be astonished by this strange encounter within my DNA. …

●Notice
My book “Writers and Living Spaces” published as an e-book by Gentosha
Available on Amazon.

【浅野藩領・打毀し被災から福山藩領へ隠密的転身?】


 「四百年間のいのちの履歴書」シリーズ。
 わが家系史できわめてナゾ多き人物「原平七」の人生経歴(推定1676-1728年)について。9代前に生きた先祖ですが、伝承の「位牌」にはその名前がない。この人物から約100年後を生きた6代前先祖は、この平七さんの事跡を丹念に調査して古文書として残してくれている。
 平七さんは広島浅野藩の地域支配機構で「所務役」として経済管理機能の中核を担っていた。藩経済の最重点・年貢管理で10000石近い石高相当の責任者で苗字帯刀を許される立場。それが収奪される百姓から「怨嗟」の対象とされ1718年に「一揆・打ち毀し」されてしまう。
 そこでプッツリと消息が消え、その後息子の「源七」が隣藩の備後松永で塩田を営み、そこから政治力を発揮して福山藩武家との縁戚関係をつくると同時に尾道の商家株を入手している。
 常識的に考えて、社会的立場の意識的転換・転身を結婚したての若者が容易にできるとは思えない。やはり父である平七が、きわめて大きな役割を果たしたと思われる。
 そこまでの家系史の大転換を行ったけれど、位牌にすら原平七の名は記録されていない。
 ・・・という謎にひとつの気付き。
 江戸期社会で藩の中核的経済情報を体現している人物が、他藩領に簡単に移転できるかという疑問。
 現代人にはなんの抵抗感もないことだが、江戸期の時代背景を考えたら、藩をまたいで移転するなどは許されない「反逆的行為」だと気付いた次第。
 封建体制社会ではたとえ「打ち毀し」被害者であっても藩をまたいだ転出は許されない脱法反逆的行為。浅野藩にして見れば藩の経済情報が他藩に漏洩するリスクに直結する。
 しかしこういう周囲の状況の中で、打ち毀し被災として武家体制の厳しい限界を悟らされた平七先祖は、知恵を絞って別世界への子孫の解放を意図したのではないか。それが尾道商家株購入で「姓」までも同時に入手して、原姓を捨てて三木姓に転身した大きな動機だったのだと。
 この目的完成のために原平七は、浅野藩領での自らの存在痕跡を消し去る手を打ったのではないか。
 江戸期の庶民階層の、一族生き残り戦略・・・。この方向でさらに深く解明して行きたい。
 <イラストは江戸期の百姓一揆絵図>

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【Asano Domain Territory: Secretly Transforming from Destruction Victim to Fukuyama Domain Resident?】
Having learned the harsh realities of shogunate-domain economic constraints through destruction, they erased their own traces while moving to another domain—a forbidden act—and transforming into merchants. A survival strategy for commoners…?

 The “Four Hundred Years of Life’s Resume” Series.
 The life history (estimated 1676-1728) of Hara Heishichi, an extremely enigmatic figure in our family history. Though he was an ancestor who lived nine generations ago, his name is absent from the traditional memorial tablet. An ancestor who lived about 100 years after him, six generations prior, meticulously investigated Heishichi’s deeds and preserved them as historical documents.
 Heishichi served as a “local administrator” within the regional governance structure of the Hiroshima Asano domain, holding a central role in economic management. He was responsible for managing the domain’s most critical economic function—the collection of annual tribute taxes—equivalent to nearly 10,000 koku of rice yield. His position granted him the privilege of bearing a surname and wearing a sword. However, he became the target of resentment and grievances from the peasants whose resources he extracted. In 1718, he was killed in a peasant uprising.
 His trail then abruptly vanishes. Afterwards, his son, Genjiro, operated salt fields in the neighboring Bingo Matsunaga domain. From there, he wielded political influence to forge kinship ties with the Fukuyama domain’s samurai class while simultaneously acquiring merchant shares in Onomichi.
Common sense suggests it’s unlikely a newlywed youth could easily achieve such a conscious shift in social standing and transformation. It seems his father, Heishichi, played an extremely significant role.
 Despite orchestrating such a major shift in the family lineage, Hira-shichi’s name isn’t even recorded on the memorial tablet.
…This mystery led to a realization.
The question arose: could a figure embodying core economic information within a domain simply relocate to another domain’s territory in Edo period society?
 While this seems perfectly natural to modern people, considering the historical context of the Edo period, I realized that moving across domain lines would have been an unforgivable “treasonous act.”
In a feudal system, even victims of “punishment by execution” were forbidden from moving across domain lines; doing so was an illegal, treasonous act. From the perspective of the Asano domain, it directly posed the risk of leaking the domain’s economic information to another domain.
 Yet, amidst these circumstances, my ancestor Heishichi, having grasped the harsh limitations of the samurai system through his experience as a victim of the “demolition,” may have strained his ingenuity to liberate his descendants into a different world. This was the major motivation behind purchasing shares in an Onomichi merchant house, simultaneously acquiring a new surname, abandoning his original family name, and transforming into the Miki surname.
 To achieve this goal, Hara Heishichi likely took steps to erase all traces of his existence within the Asano domain.
A survival strategy for commoners during the Edo period… I wish to explore this direction further and delve deeper into its implications.

●Notice
My book “Writers and Living Spaces” published as an e-book by Gentosha
Available for purchase on Amazon.

【日本人が書いてきた古文書のわかりやすさ】



 ときどき雪かきなど苦行をしつつ、基本は「広島県史」の丹念な読解作業に沈殿する日々。当然「古語」を読み進めることで、古人と対話する気分。
 わたしの家系に繋がる文書を探すなかで、ときどきよく知られた歴史事象記事も発見する。上の2点の短文記録は、江戸初期に福山藩を支配していた徳川譜代大名・水野家の記録文書より。歴史の大スター織田信長と水野家の主君である徳川家との関係を記録した文書。水野家は徳川(当時は松平)の親戚だけれど桶狭間合戦当時は、織田信長の臣下だった時期に相当している記録。
 上は桶狭間合戦当時の軍勢進退についての記述。「織田信長は諸城に警衛の士を入れ置いていた事」というタイトル。永禄3(1560)年、今川義元の軍勢45,000余騎が5月12日に駿河を発って尾張に向かった。先鋒はこれも後に徳川氏に臣従する井伊真盛ならびに三河岡崎城主・徳川蔵人元康。(略)信長は・・・
 〜という軍記。徳川期になって書いたのでこの年代本来の松平ではなくて徳川になっている。「忖度」は修飾語など各所に示される。次の文書では水野氏が当時信長に臣従していたので、信長と元康との和睦をとりあつかったと誇らしげに書かれている。これを契機に元康は家康と名をあらためた、という記述。
 ・・・まぁ日本史のなかでも有数のポピュラーな史実箇所なので、読み込むこちらもすっかり「お馴染み」感に満たされる。古文書の「入口」として非常に心強く感じさせられる。さらに「言葉遣い・漢字表現」についての時代感覚に慣れるのにはうってつけの読感と思われた。
 現代日本語とはたしかに表記スタイルが違うし、文書毎に「クセ」はあるけれど、民族文化の同質性を強く感じさせら楽しくなってくる。この古文書を書いた人物が生きていた時代背景も「伝わってくる」。
 ほとんど漢字ばかりで現代語のようなカナ使いではないけれどわかりやすい。
 こういうポピュラリティのある記事をときどき目にすることで時代の「空気感」までもが伝播して、いろいろな符合を発見しやすくなってくるものですね。

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English version⬇

【The Accessibility of Ancient Documents Written by Japanese People】
A “breather” article for reading ancient documents tracing the footsteps of close relatives and blood ties. Super famous figures like Nobunaga and Ieyasu appear, making the sense of era come alive. …

 Days spent occasionally enduring hardships like shoveling snow, but fundamentally immersed in the painstaking task of reading the “History of Hiroshima Prefecture.” Naturally, reading the “old language” gives me the feeling of conversing with people of the past.
While searching for documents connected to my family lineage, I occasionally discover well-known historical events. The two short records above are from the documents of the Mizuno family, a hereditary Tokugawa daimyo who ruled the Fukuyama domain in the early Edo period. These documents record the relationship between the historical superstar Oda Nobunaga and the Tokugawa clan, the lords of the Mizuno family. Though the Mizunos were relatives of the Tokugawa (then Matsudaira), this record corresponds to a period when they were vassals of Oda Nobunaga during the Battle of Okehazama.
The first describes the movements of armies during the Battle of Okehazama, titled “Oda Nobunaga had placed guards in various castles.” In the 3rd year of Eiroku (1560), Imagawa Yoshimoto’s army of over 45,000 horsemen departed Suruga on May 12th and headed for Owari. The vanguard was led by Ii Masamori, who would later also become a vassal of the Tokugawa clan, along with Tokugawa Motoyasu, lord of Okazaki Castle in Mikawa. (…) Nobunaga…
~ This military chronicle. Written during the Tokugawa period, it uses “Tokugawa” instead of the original Matsudaira of that era. “Consideration” is indicated by modifiers throughout. The next document proudly states that the Mizuno clan, then vassals to Nobunaga, mediated the reconciliation between Nobunaga and Motoyasu. It describes how Motoyasu changed his name to Ieyasu following this event.
 …Well, this is one of the most popular historical events in Japanese history, so even as a reader delving into it, I’m completely filled with a sense of familiarity. It feels incredibly reassuring as an “entry point” into ancient documents. Furthermore, it seemed like the perfect reading experience for getting accustomed to the period sensibilities regarding “word choice and kanji expressions.”
 The writing style certainly differs from modern Japanese, and each document has its own quirks, but it strongly conveys the homogeneity of the ethnic culture, which becomes quite enjoyable. The historical context of the era in which the person who wrote this ancient document lived also “comes through.”
It’s almost entirely kanji, not using kana like modern Japanese, but it’s easy to understand.
Occasionally encountering such popular articles allows the “atmosphere” of the era to permeate, making it easier to discover various connections.

●Notice
My book “Writers and Living Spaces” published as an e-book by Gentosha
Available on Amazon.

 
 

【親族協働で家系史探査「AI対話共有」にチャレンジ】



 「四百年間のいのちの履歴書」シリーズに復帰であります。
 っていうか、昨日のAI利用のキーポイントと思える「プロンプト」技術、人間側での論理的思考・伝達の重要性という点への気付き。わたしの場合はビジネス活用ではなく、きわめて情緒性の高い、しかし人間普遍の「DNAの流れへの深い興味」領域では、現代科学発展の粋であるAIを活用するのが最適な方法論だと考えている次第です。
 わたし自身が高齢化してきて、ごく自然に「来し方(先祖の生き様)行く末(子孫の生き方)」に強いテーマ領域を見出してきている。そのとき最新の探究方法を活用するのは、ごく自然でしょう。先人の知見をしっかりと学ばせていただいて、現代、さらに孫子の将来のために生かしたい。
 これまでの時代ではこういった過去研究は「学者」の専門的領域だったのでしょう。しかしすでにたくさんの「地域史」などパブリックな資料データが存在し、それを活用すれば、個人(家系)としてかなりの高確率で過去の「生きた時代、リアルなその時代への対応記録」が蘇生しうる。
 AI活用とは、そういう領域にピッタリだと思う次第です。
 で、わたしに研究を指令してきた次兄ほか親族とSNSで情報交流してきているのですが<これ自体もきわめて新規性>さらにわたしが利用し知識蓄積させてきたAIとの「対話記録・領域」を、親族にも各自に共有的に利用させたいと考えたのです。その方法をAI(Gemini)に問い合わせた答えが以下。
 〜結論から申し上げますと、「現在の知識を丸ごとコピーして、個別に枝分かれ(フォーク)させること」は、技術的に非常に簡単に可能です。〜
 ・・・ということでその方法を各自に伝達しております。各人の子どもたちのヘルプを得て、高齢期のアタマの「過激」体操は、無事に成就するでしょうか、ハラハラしている展開。
 上図は家系の歴史研究にとって欠かせない地理観の符合研究。故地は広島県の入野郵便局が目印なので現代のGoogleマップで照合させてみた。古代以来、山あいを通るのはごく自然な人間文化ですね・・・。

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English version⬇

【Challenge: Collaborative Family History Research with Relatives Using “AI Dialogue Sharing”]
A challenge to share the AI tools I’m using with the relatives who asked me to research our family history. I wonder how it will turn out…

 Returning to the “Four Hundred Years of Life’s Resume” series.
Or rather, yesterday’s realization about the “prompt” technique—a key point in AI utilization—and the importance of human logical thinking and communication. In my case, rather than business applications, I see it as a challenge to find the optimal methodology for utilizing AI, the pinnacle of modern scientific advancement, within the highly emotional yet universally human domain of “deep interest in the flow of DNA.”
 As I’ve grown older, I’ve quite naturally found a powerful thematic focus in “the past (how our ancestors lived) and the future (how our descendants will live).” It seems only natural to employ the latest investigative methods for this. I want to thoroughly learn from the insights of our predecessors and apply them for the benefit of the present and our grandchildren’s future.
 In past eras, such historical research was likely the exclusive domain of “scholars.” However, vast amounts of public data, such as “local histories,” now exist. Utilizing this data makes it highly probable that an individual (or family lineage) can revive “living records of past eras and real-world responses to those times.”
I firmly believe AI application is perfectly suited for this domain.
 So, I’ve been exchanging information via SNS with my second eldest brother and other relatives who commissioned this research from me . Furthermore, I wanted to share the “dialogue records and domain” I’ve been accumulating knowledge with through AI usage with each relative for their shared use. The answer I received from AI (Gemini) when I inquired about this method is below.
 ~To put it simply, “copying the entire current knowledge base and creating individual branches (forks)” is technically very straightforward.~
…So I’ve communicated this method to each of them. With help from their children, will this “radical” mental exercise in old age be successfully accomplished? It’s a nerve-wracking development.
 The diagram above shows the essential geographical correlation research for family history studies. Since the ancestral home is marked by Hirono Post Office in Hiroshima Prefecture, I cross-referenced it using modern Google Maps. Since ancient times, traversing mountain valleys has been a perfectly natural part of human culture…

●Notice
My book “Writers and Living Spaces” published as an e-book by Gentosha
Available on Amazon.