本文へジャンプ

【家系史探究:戦前と戦後の日本社会構造革命】



 先日の従兄弟の家系史ヒアリングからの「解析」作業進行中。
 従兄弟の「先祖認識」は一族の渡道前の母系の故地に深い心底があることを驚きを持って知ることになった。なんともノスタルジックな気分が発出されていた。「え、そんなドップリ世界なの?」。
 わたしは戦後1952年生まれで、戦前期の「肌感覚」は当然持っていない。敗戦後ベビーブーム世代の後の世代。成長後「歴史」が数寄になった人間だが、小学校から高校まで、時代を追ってきたのに明治維新すらきちんと学ばされなかった。「学年末に近いから以降はパスな」「受験テストに出ないから」みたいに放置教育されてきた。(教科書にはその後も記載はあったけど)
 明治〜戦前期社会についての学習は、いまその時のリアルな政治とも関わりすぎる、という面は確かにあっただろう。センシティブな権力実態にも関わる。けれど、それ以上に教師たちの様子を見ていて「あ、触れたくないんだな」ということを子ども心として確信的に受け取った。良い子は受け入れ一択。
 歴史教育が結果としてその段階で終わってしまうので「戦前社会」への基本理解が放り出された。社会の基層支配構造についてイマイチ、リアリティがない。戦争に突き進んだ「軍部独裁」に至ったという慚愧だけが刷り込まれてきた。
 こういう教育を受けてきた人間にとって、北海道で生まれ育ちながら満州から帰還する地が、その母系の故地ということに想像を超えた落差を感じ、同時に戦前期の社会支配構造を垣間見た。
 それは当時『寄生地主』と呼ばれた大土地所有層の厳然たる存在。
 戦前期は江戸末期の混乱時期に大土地所有層として身分固定された階層に「だけ」衆議院議員資格が保証されていたような時代。徐々に戦争期に向かって実質解体されていったが名家意識は残り続けた。
 明治維新当時、急激な社会改革を進めるため安定税収確保が絶対条件で、形成されていた地主金融資本=大規模土地所有層から税を得ることが合理的だったことに由来する。納税とバーターで身分保証が戦前期国家から容認されてきていた。多く発生した「小作争議」では基本的に地主側に立った治安策が執行された。
 持てる層に依拠した思潮も有力だった。特権層のドヤ意識と事実として経済構造を握る実相。
 わたしなどの戦後世代にしてみると、それならそうと教えてくれよですが(笑)・・・。

 <写真は「ドヤ」顔表現系の書・ウツワ工芸品。名家の文化意識は、書や茶の湯、美術品の教養の世界に対しても表れる。>

●お知らせ
拙書「作家と住空間」幻冬舎から電子書籍で発刊
お求めはAmazonで。
https://amzn.asia/d/eUiv9yO

English version⬇

[Exploring Family History: The Structural Revolution in Japanese Society Before and After the War]
From the late Edo period onward, financial capital pursued large-scale land acquisition, and the Meiji government condoned this, leading to the solidification of the prewar ruling class. Was the GHQ’s land reform a structural reform for Japan? …

 I’m currently working on “analyzing” the information I gathered the other day during an interview with my cousin about our family history.
 I was surprised to learn that my cousin’s “perception of his ancestors” is deeply rooted in the maternal ancestral homeland from before our clan migrated to Hokkaido. It evoked a truly nostalgic feeling. “Wait, is he that deeply immersed in that world?”
 I was born in 1952, after the war, so naturally I have no “firsthand experience” of the pre-war era. I belong to the generation that came after the post-war baby boom. Although I developed a passion for “history” as an adult, even though I followed the progression of eras from elementary school through high school, I wasn’t even properly taught about the Meiji Restoration. I was neglected in my education with excuses like, “We’re nearing the end of the school year, so we’ll skip this,” or “It won’t be on the entrance exams.” (Although the textbooks did cover it later on.)
 It’s certainly true that studying Meiji-era and pre-war society was seen as too closely tied to the political realities of the time. It also touched on sensitive aspects of the reality of power. But more than that, watching the teachers’ demeanor, I instinctively sensed as a child, “Ah, they don’t want to touch on this.” For a well-behaved child, acceptance was the only option.
 Since history education effectively ended at that stage, a basic understanding of “pre-war society” was left out. I lack a real sense of the underlying structures of social domination. The only thing that was instilled in me was a sense of shame over how the country had descended into a “military dictatorship” that drove the nation toward war.
 For someone who received this kind of education, the fact that—despite being born and raised in Hokkaido—the place I returned to from Manchuria was my mother’s ancestral homeland struck me as a disparity beyond my imagination; at the same time, it offered a glimpse into the social power structures of the pre-war era.
 That was the imposing presence of the large landowning class, known at the time as “parasitic landlords.”
 In the pre-war era, eligibility to serve as a member of the House of Representatives was guaranteed “exclusively” to those who had been fixed in their social status as large landowners during the chaotic period of the late Edo era. Although this system was gradually dismantled as the country moved toward the war years, the sense of being part of a distinguished family persisted.
 This stemmed from the fact that, at the time of the Meiji Restoration, securing stable tax revenue was an absolute prerequisite for advancing rapid social reform, and it was reasonable to collect taxes from the landowner-financial capitalists—that is, the large-scale landowners—who had been established. The state had tacitly accepted the guarantee of social status in exchange for tax payments during the pre-war period. In the numerous “tenant disputes” that arose, public order measures were generally enforced in favor of the landlords.
 Ideologies relying on the privileged class were also influential. The sense of superiority among the privileged class and the reality that they effectively controlled the economic structure.
 From the perspective of my postwar generation, I just wish they’d have told us that outright (laughs)….

 

● Announcement
My book, *Writers and Living Spaces*, has been published as an e-book by Gentosha.
Available on Amazon.

 

【米価推移ウォッチ。最安値10kg-5,990円/令和7年産】



 消費のリアリズムを追求する料理大好き男子です(笑)。
 自分で料理するのは健康長寿にとって有益という情報に接し我が意を得たりと喜び気味。男子の料理好きは「こだわり系」のケースが多いようですが、わたしの場合はそういう趣味はあんまり無く、むしろ「主婦目線」的コスパ最優先興味が同時に健康に良いという領域だと思える。
 仕事人生で夫婦共働きだったので必然的に料理は数寄もあってわたしの割合が高かった。洗濯は全自動に入れるだけとはいえ、干してたたんでという業務はカミさんに預けっぱなしの人生。
 買い物はだいたい夫婦で週に1度、買い出しに出掛けます。写真はコスパ優先で贔屓にしているスーパーのお米最新価格情報。先日は別の店で5kg-2,500円を切る価格でしたが、本日は10kg-5,990円。ですが令和7年度産・北海道産銘柄米なので、単純比較では金額高めだけれど、銘柄も考えればという現場情報。
 早い銘柄は8月には新年度産米が出荷されはじめるので、さてどういう展開になるのでしょうね。わが家は生産者直で購入しているので、こういう調査は高齢者としての社会参加的領域。生活感覚を維持し続けることは、こころの健康を保つ大きな要素とも考えられますね。
 一方家系史探究では次兄と活発なLINEでやり取り。兄貴たちも80歳超えながらスマホが大きな連絡手段となってくれている。長兄に関しては指が太すぎて(笑)入力はダメですが、見る方はちゃんとチェックできている様子。次兄は家系史を出版物としてまとめた経験を持っているのでパソコンも使えるのですが、なぜか、WEBへの接続はできていない・・・。このあたり、電子機器との付き合い方に団塊世代とそのすぐ後世代とで、微妙に違いがある。
 まぁスマホでも連絡自体はできるので問題はないけれど表現で長文が送れるかどうか、に影響は出てきますね。末弟として情報の場の充実に努めながら交信を維持発展させたい。このLINEもわたしが場所を作り、各自に使い方を説明しながら運用してきていますが、みんな慣れると「家族LINE」として機能してくれている。
 まぁ、このインフラ整備が「家系史探究」という場の社会的誘因要件なのでしょうね。高齢期の情報感度維持にも、こういう環境は意味があるだろうと思います。

●お知らせ
拙書「作家と住空間」幻冬舎から電子書籍で発刊
お求めはAmazonで。
https://amzn.asia/d/eUiv9yO

English version⬇

[Rice Price Trends Watch: Lowest Price—5,990 yen per 10 kg / Reiwa 7 Harvest]
“Rice Price Check” helps you stay in touch with everyday life. Exploring your family history also helps keep your mind sharp—and helps you maintain a sense of being “active” as you age. …

 I’m a guy who loves cooking and strives for realism in my eating habits (lol).
 When I came across information stating that cooking for yourself is beneficial for a long, healthy life, I was delighted—it really struck a chord with me. While men who enjoy cooking often tend to be the “meticulous” type, that’s not really my style. Instead, I’m more interested in the “housewife’s perspective”—prioritizing value for money—which I believe naturally leads to healthier choices.
 Since both my wife and I worked throughout our careers, I naturally took on a larger share of the cooking out of necessity. As for laundry, even though I just toss the clothes into the fully automatic washer, I’ve left the tasks of hanging them out to dry and folding them entirely to my wife my whole life.
 We usually go grocery shopping together once a week. The photo shows the latest rice prices at the supermarket I frequent because of its great value. The other day, I saw 5 kg for under 2,500 yen at another store, but today it’s 10 kg for 5,990 yen. However, since this is a branded rice from Hokkaido harvested in Reiwa 7, it’s a bit pricier in a direct comparison, but that’s the on-the-ground information when you factor in the brand.
 For early varieties, shipments of the new harvest start as early as August, so I wonder how things will play out. Since our family buys directly from the producers, this kind of research is part of my social engagement as a senior citizen. I think maintaining a sense of everyday life is a major factor in preserving mental health.
 Meanwhile, regarding our family history research, I’ve been having lively exchanges with my second-eldest brother via LINE. Even though my brothers are over 80, smartphones have become a major means of communication for them. As for my eldest brother, his fingers are too thick (laughs) to type, but he seems to be able to check messages just fine. My second-eldest brother has experience compiling our family history into a published book, so he can use a computer, but for some reason, he can’t connect to the internet… In this regard, there’s a subtle difference in how the baby boomer generation and the generation immediately following them interact with electronic devices.
Well, since we can still communicate via smartphone, it’s not a problem, but it does affect whether we can send long messages. As the youngest brother, I want to enrich our information-sharing space while maintaining and developing our communication. I set up this LINE group and have been managing it while explaining how to use it to everyone, but once they got used to it, it’s been functioning well as our “family LINE.”
 I suppose setting up this infrastructure is a necessary social incentive for our “family history research” efforts. I also believe an environment like this is meaningful for maintaining information literacy in old age.

● Announcement
My book, *Writers and Living Spaces*, has been published as an e-book by Gentosha.
Available on Amazon.

 

【家系史探索/生々しい血脈を感じる時代に】


 高齢化を迎えビジネス生活からすこし距離を置き始めてきて、次兄から「業務命令」を受けてわが家の「家系史」を継続探究してきています。先日、従兄弟(父親同士が兄弟)から「別の見方」を受け止めたいと、じっくり懇談4時間半超の対話をしておりました。
 同じ一族の従兄弟でも、基本的なものごとの見方が大きく相違していることに、驚いていました。
 祖父の生き方についての考え方が、父親世代でも当然ながら相違するし、そこに母系の違いからの受け止め方の距離感も発生することを、痛感させられています。わたしの父親は基本的に祖父が選択した移住地北海道で「独立独歩」的な生き方を好んできた人生で、それはわたしにも強く伝わってきていると実感しています。が、父の兄にあたる一統では、祖父はやはり「故地に帰り錦を飾る人生を夢見ていた」という考え方が強いようでした。
 そんなことを含めて「生々しい血脈」を強く感じる、いまに直接繋がってくる家系史段階になってきた。
 地図は、従兄弟が強く意識している「岡山県・井原」のかれの母系の故地と、わが家系統が江戸後期からの「故地」と考えてきた広島県福山市今津の距離感を表現したもの。江戸期「西国街道(山陽道)」のルートとして1直線。山陽道の宿駅としては、今津宿からすぐ東隣の神辺宿を超えて「高屋宿」「七日市宿」のあった井原地域まで29km程度。
 間の「神辺宿」には菅茶山の「廉塾」があってわが家系の曾祖父が入塾していたようで、同時期に井原の縁者になる人物も塾にいたようなのです。そこで縁がつながってか、この井原の人物にわが家系の女子が嫁入りしている。
 私から数えれば4−5代前くらいに相当する「つながり」が克明に浮かび上がってくる。
 そして、先述した従兄弟は、この井原の家から嫁入りして来た伯母の子。
 この伯父は太平洋戦争期、満州国で官僚になっていてそこから艱難の末に日本に帰国したとき、伯母の実家の方に帰国している。実の父母のいる北海道空知郡の方ではなかった、という消息。
 このあたり「人生判断基準」に違いがあることに深く気付かされる思い。
 まぁ当然ですね。人類はそのように「枝分かれ」しながら、世の動きの中でそれぞれが生存戦略を持って生き続けてきた存在なのでしょう。 しかし、だんだんと「血肉」が迫ってくる・・・。

●お知らせ
拙書「作家と住空間」幻冬舎から電子書籍で発刊
お求めはAmazonで。
https://amzn.asia/d/eUiv9yO

English version⬇

[Exploring Family History / In an Era Where We Can Feel the Vivid Pulse of Our Bloodline]
From the turmoil of the late Edo period through the Meiji era to the end of World War II, the true nature of that era seems to have emerged in a single, continuous thread. I find myself drawn in by its vivid, living quality…

 As I’ve entered my later years and begun to step back a bit from my business life, I’ve been continuing to research our family history following an “official order” from my second-eldest brother. The other day, I had a thorough conversation lasting over four and a half hours with a cousin (whose father and my father are brothers) who wanted to hear a “different perspective.”
 I was surprised to discover that even among cousins from the same family, our fundamental perspectives on things differed so greatly.
I’ve come to keenly realize that views on my grandfather’s way of life naturally differ even among my father’s generation, and that differences in maternal lineage also create a gap in how we perceive things. My father has essentially led a life of “independence and self-reliance” in Hokkaido—the place my grandfather chose to settle—and I truly feel that this spirit has been strongly passed down to me. However, among my father’s older brother’s branch of the family, there seems to be a strong belief that my grandfather had always “dreamed of returning to his ancestral homeland to live a life of glory.”
 Taking all this into account, I’ve reached a stage in my family history where I strongly feel the “vivid bloodline” that connects directly to the present.
 The map illustrates the distance between “Ibara, Okayama Prefecture”—the ancestral homeland on my cousin’s maternal side, which he is deeply conscious of—and Imazu in Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Prefecture, which our family line has considered our “ancestral homeland” since the late Edo period. It is a straight line along the route of the Edo-period “Saigoku Kaidō (Sanyō-dō).” As for the post stations along the Sanyō-dō, it is about 29 km from Imazu-juku, passing through the neighboring Kanbe-juku to the east, to the Ibaraki area where Takaya-juku and Nanokaichi-juku were located.
 At “Kannabe-juku,” located along this route, there was Suganoyama’s “Renjuku” academy, where my family’s great-grandfather apparently studied; it seems that a person who would later become a relative in Ibara was also attending the academy at the same time. Perhaps because of this connection, a woman from my family’s line married into this Ibara family.
 This “connection”—dating back about four or five generations from my own time—comes into sharp focus.
 Furthermore, the cousin I mentioned earlier is the child of my aunt, who married into this family in Ihara.
 During the Pacific War, this uncle served as a bureaucrat in Manchukuo; after enduring great hardships, he returned to Japan and settled at his wife’s family home. Reports indicate he did not return to Sorachi District in Hokkaido, where his biological parents lived.
 This really makes me keenly aware of the differences in “life values.”
Well, that’s only natural. Humanity has likely always existed in this way—branching out and continuing to survive with our own survival strategies amid the changing world. However, the reality of “blood ties” is gradually closing in on me…

● Announcement
My book, *Writers and Living Spaces*, has been published as an e-book by Gentosha.
Available on Amazon.

【米の好きずき。雑穀米のたのしさ】


 日本人の主食のコメですが、白米だけで食べる習慣というのはつい最近、現代になってのもので、江戸期までの一般家庭ではコメにいろいろな雑穀類を混ぜ込んで食べる方が一般的だったとされるそうです。
 健康面で考えるといろいろな雑穀が栄養分を補強するような食べ方には、合理性もあるのでしょう。
 わが家では、なんとか元気で長生きという目標に向かって、ごらんのような雑穀米ぶり。
 雑穀類は、小豆をベースに、黒米・九穀米のブレンド。黒米というのは玄米の一種で表皮が黒く覆われているコメということ。九穀米の方は、もちきび・胚芽押麦・とうもろこし・丸麦・緑豆・もちあわ・アマランサス・玄米・黒米のブレンドだそうであります。単なる一般消費者なので、なんとなく健康になれる、という淡い期待だけをもって、食べ続けてきています。
 食感としては、やはり小豆を食べるときに「主役感」があって、コメはその「やわらかい背景」みたいな食味を感じ続けてきています。たぶん「多品種少量ずつ」というのが、健康に良いという刷り込みなのでしょう。ふしぎとこういう主食にしているとおかず類も多品種少量ずつになって、よく言われる「1日30品目を食べる」健康法志向なのでしょうか。
 長年続けてきて、毎日10,000歩以上の散歩運動などをクリアし続けているので、こういった食事法は、健康に良いという呪文のような生活習慣のルーチン化なのでしょう。まぁ全体として生活バランスの基調として効果的と判断して継続してきている次第。この主食であれば「コメだけ・ばっかり」だとしてもそれなりのバランス食かも。

 一昨日のお米価格の続篇。今度は「茨城県産コシヒカリ・令和7年産」と表記されたお米が5kg-2,680円価格。
 先日のは「ブレンド米」だったものが昨日は一応銘柄米。
 見た段階では大量に積み上がっていましたが、さて消費者の購買動向はどうなっていくのか。麺類などへの食習慣チェンジが相当進んでしまった感があるので、単に価格低下で消費が増えるのかどうか、予断は許さない。身近な「社会動向ウォッチ」としてお米の値段のチェック、続けたいと思います。さて?

●お知らせ
拙書「作家と住空間」幻冬舎から電子書籍で発刊
お求めはAmazonで。
https://amzn.asia/d/eUiv9yO

English version⬇

[Rice Preferences: The Joy of Mixed-Grain Rice]
Supporting the “many varieties, small portions” healthy eating habit of consuming 30 different food items a day. The peace of mind that comes from knowing 10 of those items are covered by your staple food. Now, I’m personally testing just how effective this really is…

 Rice is the staple food of the Japanese, but the custom of eating only white rice is a relatively recent development—one that emerged in modern times. It is said that, up until the Edo period, it was more common for ordinary households to mix various grains into their rice.
 From a health perspective, there is certainly some merit to this way of eating, as the various grains help supplement one’s nutrition.
In our household, with the goal of staying healthy and living a long life, we’ve adopted the mixed-grain rice shown here.
The blend consists of adzuki beans as the base, along with black rice and nine-grain rice. Black rice is a type of brown rice with a black outer husk. As for the nine-grain rice, I’m told it’s a blend of glutinous millet, germinated barley, corn, round barley, mung beans, glutinous foxtail millet, amaranth, brown rice, and black rice. As just an ordinary consumer, I’ve continued eating it with nothing more than a faint hope that it might somehow improve my health.
 In terms of texture, the adzuki beans definitely take center stage, while the rice continues to provide a “soft backdrop” to the overall flavor. I suppose I’ve been conditioned to believe that eating “a variety of foods in small portions” is good for my health. Strangely enough, when I make this my staple food, my side dishes also tend to consist of a variety of foods in small portions—perhaps reflecting the often-cited health trend of “eating 30 different food items a day.”
 I’ve kept this up for many years, and since I consistently manage to walk over 10,000 steps every day, this eating pattern has become a routine—almost like a mantra—that I believe is good for my health. Well, overall, I’ve judged it to be effective as the foundation of a balanced lifestyle, which is why I’ve continued with it. With this staple food, even if it’s “just rice—nothing but rice,” it might still be a reasonably balanced diet.

 A follow-up to the rice prices from the day before yesterday. This time, rice labeled “Ibaraki Prefecture Koshihikari, Reiwa 7 Harvest” is priced at 2,680 yen for 5 kg.
 While the rice mentioned the other day was a “blend,” yesterday’s was, at least, a specific brand.
At first glance, there were large piles of it stacked up, but I wonder how consumer purchasing trends will play out. It feels like the shift toward eating noodles and other foods has progressed quite significantly, so it’s too early to say whether consumption will increase simply because of the price drop. I’d like to continue monitoring rice prices as a way to keep an eye on “social trends” in my daily life. Well, we’ll see?

【熊本地震発生、2016年の被害視察が追想フラッシュバック】



 昨日は息子夫婦と孫がわが家に来てくれていた。息子の嫁さんは九州・久留米の出身者。
 夕方になってカミさんが彼女を外出先から連れ戻してきてくれて、わたしはわが家で孫と遊んでいたのですが、ふとMac画面でYahooニュース欄を見たら、「熊本で地震発生」のニュースが飛び込んできた。
 「え〜っ」と一声叫んでから、さっそく彼女は久留米の実家と連絡を取り始めた。先般九州一周の旅で久留米の位置関係がわたしにもようやくアタマに入ってきたので、熊本との近接ぶりが理解できていた。すぐにこのような対応になること、実感は非常に切実に伝わってくる。
 余震も含めて揺れは強く感じられたようですが、今のところは幸い近親者に被害はない模様。
 しかし医療関係の仕事一家なので、熊本からの近接地域として患者さんの「救急搬送」などが予想されるため、事態の進行・推移に注意を深く払っている様子。
 わたしはいまは仕事からは中半はリタイヤしているので孫の面倒を見つつ情報を注意深く聞いていた。彼女には熊本にも友人が多いようで、「あの子大丈夫かなぁ、そうだあの人も・・・」と次々に消息を確認しているようでした。LINEはすぐに繋がって母親とはテレビ電話もしていましたが、無事を願う一択。
 わたしは前回2016年の熊本地震の折りには翌年8月に住宅研究団体「東北フォーラム」の一員として視察取材で訪れていた。いちばん上の写真は今回の地震のニュース画面と、その下は2017年視察のときに熊本市の住宅施策部門から示されていた「被害状況まとめ資料」からの抜粋です。仮設住宅などの状況を視察させていただいていた。この様子は過去ブログ記事でも紹介しています。
 2011年の東日本大震災はわたしにも事業人生の大きな転機になったのですが、前後して起こったこの熊本地震でもこのような経験がフラッシュバックしてくる。まさに有為転変そのものと感じます。そして縁者がこうしてふたたび危機にもさらされ、まことに諸行無常を感じさせられる。
 今回の震災では次々と被害状況がわかってきていますが、テレビニュースではAEONの店舗での爆発事故、行方不明などが大きく報じられている。北海道と九州と離れてはいますが、まことに災害はいつ何時、やってくるかわからない。ひたすら、みなさんの無事を祈念しています。

●お知らせ
拙書「作家と住空間」幻冬舎から電子書籍で発刊
お求めはAmazonで。
https://amzn.asia/d/eUiv9yO

English version⬇

[Kumamoto Earthquake Strikes; Flashbacks to My 2016 Damage Assessment Visit]
Having experienced a complete shift in the course of my professional life following the Great East Japan Earthquake, I continue to pray fervently for the safety of everyone affected by this disaster. …

 Yesterday, my son, his wife, and my grandchild came to visit us. My daughter-in-law is originally from Kurume in Kyushu.
As evening fell, my wife brought her back from an outing, and while I was playing with my grandchild at home, I happened to glance at the Yahoo News section on my Mac screen and saw a headline pop up: “Earthquake Strikes Kumamoto.”
 “What?!” I exclaimed, and she immediately began contacting her parents’ home in Kurume. Thanks to a recent trip around Kyushu, I’d finally gotten a handle on where Kurume was located, so I understood just how close it is to Kumamoto. It really hit home how urgently this kind of response is needed.
 It seems the tremors, including the aftershocks, were felt quite strongly, but fortunately, as of now, it appears none of her close relatives have been harmed.
However, since her family works in the medical and nursing fields, they’re closely monitoring the situation’s progress and developments, anticipating that patients from the areas near Kumamoto may need to be transported by ambulance.
 I’m now semi-retired from work, so while looking after my granddaughter, I’ve been listening closely to the news. She seems to have many friends in Kumamoto as well, and she was checking on their well-being one after another, saying things like, “I wonder if that girl is okay… Oh, and that person too…” She was able to connect on LINE right away and even had a video call with her mother, but all we could do was hope they were safe.
 During the previous Kumamoto Earthquake in 2016, I visited the area in August of the following year as a member of the housing research group “Tohoku Forum” for an inspection and reporting trip. The top photo shows a news screen from this recent earthquake, and the one below is an excerpt from the “Summary of Damage” document provided by Kumamoto City’s housing policy department during my 2017 inspection. I was allowed to inspect the conditions of temporary housing and other facilities.

 The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake marked a major turning point in my professional life, and the recent Kumamoto Earthquake, which occurred around the same time, has brought back flashbacks of that experience. I feel this is the very essence of impermanence. And seeing my loved ones once again exposed to such a crisis truly makes me keenly aware of the transience of all things.
 As details of the damage from this disaster continue to emerge, television news is giving extensive coverage to the explosion at an AEON store and reports of missing persons. Although Hokkaido and Kyushu are far apart, it truly is impossible to predict when or where a disaster will strike. I am praying earnestly for everyone’s safety.

● Announcement
My book, *Writers and Living Spaces*, has been published as an e-book by Gentosha.
Available on Amazon.
 
 

【明治初期からのキリスト教伝道と同志社の現在地】


 先般3/16の傷ましい女子生徒の沖縄・辺野古沖での抗議船転覆死亡事故を受け、教育機関である同志社国際高校に対して刑事告訴が行われ、昨日海上保安庁が家宅捜索に入ったという報道。
 写真はそれを「速報」で伝えたABCニュースのYahooニュース画面ショット。ABCテレビ=朝日放送テレビは、近畿広域圏を放送対象地域とするテレビ朝日系列(ANN)加盟局。この速報の画面下には要旨以下の情報。
 〜刑事告訴の対象は高校の校長ら4人と「ヘリ基地反対協議会」の共同代表ら7人の11人。遺族側によると、捜索は業務上過失致死傷容疑などでの告訴を受けたもので、学校法人同志社は27日夜のANNの取材に対し、「取材対応できる者が帰っているので、分からない」とコメント。〜
 この事故についてはわたしはまったく門外漢で、特段の知見を持っていません。たいへん傷ましいことであり、ご遺族の心中を思い、ひとりの人間として深く同情の念を持っておりました。
 ですが、わたしの「家系史探索」活動から明治維新前後期に深く関係していた親族に、明治後のキリスト教布教活動に中心的に関わり、故地にほど近い岡山県西部地方での教会設立の中心だった人物の足跡を知るに及んできています。その人物と祖父は手紙のやり取りを活発に行ってきている(古文書くずし字満載で解読には悩まされ続け・・・)。家系史研究では当然、その生きた先人の心情などを慮ることが基本になる。
 わが家系では幕末〜明治の社会の大変動のなかで非常にきびしい局面を迎えていたと思われます。
 広島県福山市近郊の松永塩田の出荷基地としての今津集落での「藩の御用」商家としてのそれまでの基盤が大きく影響を受けていた。そういうなかで、大きな力添えを受けていたと推認されるのが、この教会設立の中心だった人物。かれは新島襄の同志社設立とも連携していた足跡もある。
 こういった背景情報に向き合い始めてみて、明治後のキリスト教布教活動の流れとわが家系の受けた影響についても考究させられている次第。わが家系の信教自体は真言宗寺院と深い関係があって北海道移住後もこちらの寺院とご縁を持ち続けてきています。ただ、キリスト教のみなさんとも疎遠ではない関係性の中で一族は生き延びてきている。まことに思いが沈殿するような気分であります。

●お知らせ
拙書「作家と住空間」幻冬舎から電子書籍で発刊
お求めはAmazonで。
https://amzn.asia/d/eUiv9yO

English version⬇

[Christianity in Japan from the Early Meiji Period to Doshisha’s Current Position]
The spread of Christianity in Japanese society has followed a politically sensitive path. I feel as though I am sinking into the current state of affairs…

 Following the tragic accident on March 16, in which a female student died when a protest boat capsized off the coast of Henoko, Okinawa, a criminal complaint was filed against Doshisha International High School—an educational institution—and reports indicate that the Japan Coast Guard conducted a search of the school yesterday.
 The photo is a screenshot of the Yahoo News page showing ABC News’ “Breaking News” report on the incident. ABC TV (Asahi Broadcasting Corporation) is an affiliate of the TV Asahi Network (ANN) that serves the Kansai metropolitan area. The following information is summarized at the bottom of this breaking news screen:
 ~ The criminal complaint names 11 individuals: four people, including the high school principal, and seven co-representatives of the “Heliport Opposition Council.” According to the bereaved families, the search was conducted in connection with criminal complaints filed on charges including professional negligence resulting in death or injury. When interviewed by ANN on the evening of the 27th, the Doshisha Educational Foundation commented, “The person authorized to respond to media inquiries has already left for the day, so we do not know.” ~
 I am a complete outsider when it comes to this accident and have no particular expertise on the matter. It is a deeply tragic event, and thinking of the bereaved families’ feelings, I have felt deep sympathy for them as a fellow human being.
 However, through my “family history research,” I have come to learn about a relative who was deeply involved in the early and late periods of the Meiji Restoration—specifically, a figure who played a central role in post-Meiji Christian missionary activities and was instrumental in establishing a church in western Okayama Prefecture, near his hometown. My grandfather and this individual exchanged letters frequently (the ancient documents are full of cursive script, which has been a constant challenge to decipher…). In genealogical research, it is, of course, fundamental to consider the feelings and circumstances of those ancestors who lived before us.
 It appears that my family faced an extremely difficult period amid the massive social upheavals of the late Edo and Meiji eras.
 Their previous foundation as a merchant family serving as an “official supplier to the domain” in the Imazu settlement—a shipping hub for the Matsunaga Salt Fields near Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Prefecture—was significantly affected. Amid these circumstances, the figure who played a central role in establishing this church is believed to have provided significant support. There is also evidence that he was involved in the establishment of Doshisha University by Jo Niijima.
 As I’ve begun to engage with this background information, I’ve found myself delving into the flow of Christian missionary activities after the Meiji era and the impact they had on my family lineage. My family’s religious affiliation itself has deep ties to a Shingon Buddhist temple, and we have maintained a connection with this temple even after migrating to Hokkaido. However, our clan has also survived while maintaining a relationship—albeit not a close one—with members of the Christian community. It is a feeling that truly weighs heavily on my heart.

● Announcement
My book, *Writers and Living Spaces*, has been published as an e-book by Gentosha.
Available on Amazon.

 
 
 

【5kg〜2,399円。いよいよ「米価急落」の局面か?】


 一昨日の土曜日に近くで「価格破壊型」の挑戦を続けているスーパーでお買い物。
 日々の料理にたのしく取り組んでいる「主夫」としては、生鮮野菜や魚体まるまんまの鮮魚などでたのしく季節感を味わわせてもらっている。ニシンの豊漁ぶりでの価格低下などからわが家食卓の焼き魚の主要品種にするなど、ここで得られるカネとモノのリアルな現実感覚を日々、学ばせていただいている。
 で、ついに、という感慨とともに見入ってしまっていたのが、このPOP。
 わが家では主食のコメについては、知人の宮城県の農家から直接購入しているのですが、さすがに昨年来の米価高騰を受けて、販売価格の上昇については応諾してきていた。消費者と生産者の直接の情報交換に基づいての価格改定なので、そこは納得してきている。
 しかし昨年の米価高騰には、どうも「意図的・投機的」な思惑が感じられて、嫌悪感は当然ながら持っていた。そういうことは多くの一般国民に共有されていて、たぶん消費行動では「買い控え」「代替品への買い換え」というような心理が大きく働くのではないかと思っていました。
 そういう心理を反映して、消費者は多少の価格低下にもほぼ「無反応」の状況が続いていたのでしょう。
 今年度産の米価はすでに2割安程度という報道も成されていたので、最低限の必要量確保の購買以外では、消費者心理はより一層「待ち」一択に推移していたのではないでしょうか。
 そんな状況を反映したようなこの米価のPOP。
 「天上の育み」というブランド名は産地と品種を明示しないいわゆる「ブレンド米」のひとつなのだろうと思われますが、この単価であれば「ようやく」感はあるかと思えた。こういう「価格破壊型」店舗での販売を経てやがて一般のスーパーなどでも、こういう流れが波動していく、あるいはすでに全国的に一斉に始まっている可能性がありますね。
 とくに買い占めなどで大量に在庫が積み上がっている流通事業社は、新米の仕入を見込んでも、在庫処分を積極化させるしか、生き残りの道はない。
 社会の流れを見つめる者としては、この動向、消費者とコメ流通の相関関係がどのように収斂していくのか、強い興味を持って見つめております。

●お知らせ
拙書「作家と住空間」幻冬舎から電子書籍で発刊
お求めはAmazonで。
https://amzn.asia/d/eUiv9yO

English version⬇

[5 kg for 2,399 yen. Is this finally the start of a “sharp drop in rice prices”?]
The Japanese staple food market, which has faced a “manipulated” price fluctuation and been rejected by consumers. So, how will this situation play out? …

 The Saturday before last, I went shopping at a nearby supermarket that continues to challenge the status quo with its “price-shattering” approach.
 As a “stay-at-home dad” who enjoys cooking every day, I’ve been able to happily savor the changing seasons through their fresh produce and whole fish. Thanks to factors like the drop in prices due to a bountiful herring catch—which has made herring a staple on our dinner table—I’m learning day by day the real-world dynamics of money and goods right here.
 So, with a sense of “it’s finally happened,” I found myself staring at this promotional sign.
 In our household, we purchase our staple food—rice—directly from a farmer we know in Miyagi Prefecture, but even we’ve had to accept the rising retail prices in response to the surge in rice prices since last year. Since these price adjustments are based on direct communication between consumers and producers, I’ve come to accept that.
 However, I couldn’t help but sense “deliberate, speculative” motives behind last year’s rice price surge, and naturally, I felt a sense of aversion toward it. I believe this sentiment is shared by many ordinary citizens, and I suspected that consumer behavior would be heavily influenced by a mindset of “holding off on purchases” or “switching to substitutes.”
Reflecting that mindset, consumers likely remained largely “unresponsive” even to modest price drops.
 Given reports that this year’s rice prices are already about 20 percent lower, I suspect that—aside from purchases to secure the bare minimum necessary—consumer sentiment has shifted even more toward a “wait-and-see” approach.
 This rice price sign seems to reflect that very situation.
 The brand name “Heavenly Nurture” likely refers to a so-called “blended rice” that doesn’t specify the origin or variety, but at this unit price, I felt there was a sense of “finally.” After being sold at these “price-disruptive” stores, this trend may eventually spread to general supermarkets as well—or it may already be taking off simultaneously nationwide.
 In particular, distribution companies with massive stockpiles built up due to panic buying have no choice but to aggressively clear out their inventory, even if they anticipate purchasing new rice, if they are to survive.
 As someone who observes social trends, I am watching this development with great interest to see how the relationship between consumers and the rice distribution industry will evolve.

● Announcement
My book, “Writers and Living Spaces,” has been published as an e-book by Gentosha.
Available on Amazon.

【エアコン入れ替え工事、だけど暑さ一服の札幌】



 ここのところ、すっかり「文筆モード」全開で過ごしておりますが、ブログでも先般の「ネアンデルタールとサピエンスの洞窟内共存の2万年」研究の興味分野に没頭気味。アタマを休めてクールダウン。
 本州以南地域ではこの間、猛暑から酷暑と過ごしにくい日々が伝わってきていますが、北海道札幌では、30度前後程度で推移して、昨日などは25-6度程度までクール気味。まぁそれなりの「暑さ」で推移していたころ、わが家のエアコンが壊れている事実が発見されていました(泣)。
 冷房機能が壊れていて単なる「通風」のみになっていたようなのですが、わたし自身はそれにまったく気付かずにいた。たまたま、娘夫婦と会食していたときに気付かされて、そこからさっそくエアコン取り替えを手配。待つこと10日間ほどで昨日、工事に来てくれました。
 北海道では本州以南地域のようにはほぼ全戸で装備とまではなっていないようですが、わが家では職住一体ということで、とくに室内に高温を発するプリンターなどの機械装置が稼働している関係から、10年前くらいからエアコンを設置してきました。北海道全体での普及率は近年急上昇しており、約7割に達しています。約10年前の2014年時点では約26%でしたが、近年の記録的な猛暑の影響で急速に導入が進んでいる。
 という状況の中なので工事が無事に来てくれるか、不安だったのですが、親族にコネもあったので無事に工事が完了した次第。

 この写真は工事をしてくれた職人さんから換気扇のような音がしていたので、聞いたら、上半身に換気扇を「体温調整」のために仕込んでいるジャンパーとのこと。充電式の電池で稼動させているそうで、いまは需要に生産が追いつかず、品薄の状況が続いているそうです。エアコンの設置工事は炎天下の外部工事も伴うので、作業効率で考えたら、たしかに必需品なのでしょう。
 ということで猛暑・酷暑への備えが万全にできた。7月末から8月上旬にもっとも暑い日がやってくる北海道札幌の気候の「波」にはギリギリ間に合ったのですが、前述のように昨日くらいからどうもクールダウン気味。朝などは少し「肌寒い」くらいの気候。
 そこそこ過ごしやすく、一方でエアコンもしっかり働いて欲しい複雑な気分の北国の夏であります。

●お知らせ
拙書「作家と住空間」幻冬舎から電子書籍で発刊
お求めはAmazonで。
https://amzn.asia/d/eUiv9yO

English version⬇

[Air Conditioner Replacement Work, But the Heat Has Eased Up a Bit in Sapporo]
I braced myself for a heat wave as intense as those on Honshu as I had my broken air conditioner replaced. The work is done, but it seems the heat has eased up a bit—which leaves me feeling a little disappointed. …

 Lately, I’ve been in full “writing mode,” and even on my blog, I’ve been getting a bit absorbed in the research on “20,000 Years of Coexistence Between Neanderthals and Sapiens in Caves.”
 I’ve been hearing that areas south of Honshu have been experiencing unbearable heat—from intense heat waves to scorching temperatures—but here in Sapporo, Hokkaido, temperatures have been hovering around 30 degrees Celsius, and yesterday it was even on the cooler side at around 25 or 26 degrees. Well, just when it was getting reasonably “hot,” I discovered that our home’s air conditioner had broken down (sob).
 It seems the cooling function had broken down, leaving it to operate in mere “ventilation” mode, but I hadn’t noticed it at all. I was made aware of it by chance while having dinner with my daughter and her husband, so I immediately arranged to have the air conditioner replaced. After waiting about 10 days, the technicians came to do the work yesterday.
 In Hokkaido, air conditioners aren’t installed in nearly every household like they are in regions south of Honshu, but since we live and work in the same space—and especially because we have equipment like printers that generate a lot of heat running indoors—we’ve had an air conditioner installed for about 10 years now. The adoption rate across Hokkaido has risen sharply in recent years, reaching about 70%. While it was only about 26% back in 2014—about 10 years ago—installations have been rapidly increasing due to the record-breaking heat waves of recent years.
Given this situation, I was worried whether the installation crew would actually show up, but thanks to some connections through family, the work was completed without a hitch.

 The craftsman who did the installation told me that the sound I heard, which sounded like an exhaust fan, was actually a “body temperature regulator” built into his jacket. It’s powered by a rechargeable battery, and apparently, production can’t keep up with demand right now, so it remains in short supply. Since air conditioner installation involves outdoor work under the blazing sun, it’s certainly an essential item when you consider work efficiency.
 So, I’m now fully prepared for the intense heat and scorching summer. I barely made it in time for the “wave” of Hokkaido’s Sapporo climate, where the hottest days typically arrive from late July to early August, but as mentioned earlier, it seems to have cooled down a bit starting around yesterday. In the mornings, it’s even a little “chilly.”
It’s a summer in the northern regions where I have mixed feelings—it’s reasonably comfortable, yet I also want the air conditioner to be working hard.

● Announcement
My book, “Writers and Living Spaces,” has been published as an e-book by Gentosha.
Available on Amazon.

【人類太古から普遍の文化/音楽のルーツ痕跡】



 国立科学博物館での「人類史再学習」。高齢期に立ち至ってはじめて学ばせられる覚醒感。
 いかに「ボーッと」生きてきたか、わが身の愚かさをつくづくと思い知らされます。しかし現代に至ってこういった人類史の知見は広範に、そして深く探究されてきているのでしょう。PCなどの情報機器の普及、そしてWEBという情報通信・交換手段の急発展などが「情報進化」を促進しているのでしょう。
 そしていま、AIの利活用も急速に普及して、さらに加速していくだろうと思われます。
 先日「実用・食用として役には立たないが、美しいもの」への人類の基本的志向性ということを考えて見たのですが、さらに展示では「音楽のルーツ」までも公開されていた。以下説明文から引用。
 〜ヨーロッパの遺跡からは、鳥の骨製のフルートが多数発見されている。その一部は3方年前より古く、確実な楽器としては世界最古である。音楽は各地のホモ・サピエンス社会に普遍的であり、おそらくアフリカにいた共通祖先の時代からあったのであろう。・・・フランスのイストゥリッツ遺跡から出土した、2方7000~2万年前のフルート。側面には細かな刻み模様がつけられている。(残念ながら実物・複製ではなくイラスト表現だけだったが)〜
 そして洞窟生活のなかでこうした楽器が奏でられて、おそらくは夜の闇の中で多くの先人たちがその音色に聞き入っていただろう情景が復元されていた。洞窟という残響効果の高い空間での演奏。捕獲した動物たちの骨類は夜の洞穴の中で利活用されただろうことがうかがい知れるけれど、そうした作業の合間にその発展形として、このように「音楽文化」が初源されていった状況が可視化されてきている。
 そういう文化発展の中から「上手に、ひとのこころを打つ演奏者・音楽家」の才能も磨かれていった事実が浮かび上がってくる。そして旋律が生まれ、詩的な情感が人類の「共通文化領域」として生成された。こうした「伴奏」楽器は、より初源的だと思える「声での訴求/歌」に随伴したことだろう。
 そこで「歌い上げられた」脳内的な文化領域は、多くのひとに普遍的な「体験」を呼び覚ますようなテーマだったに違いない。そこからひとびとに「数寄」の領域が覚醒されて音楽・芸術が初源していった。
 考古出土品としては楽器しか考えられないけれど、実はその背景にこうした人類的文化性が垣間見えてくる。こういう「様式」文化が世界各地で独自に発展していく・・・。

●お知らせ
拙書「作家と住空間」幻冬舎から電子書籍で発刊
お求めはAmazonで。
https://amzn.asia/d/eUiv9yO

English version⬇

[Universal Culture Since the Dawn of Humanity / Traces of the Roots of Music]
The very origins of “musical instruments,” said to date back 30,000 years. It is only in my later years that I have finally come across this frontier of human history research. I am simply overwhelmed by its richness. …

 “Relearning Human History” at the National Museum of Nature and Science. It’s a sense of awakening that I’ve only come to experience now that I’ve reached old age.
 It makes me keenly realize just how “spaced out” I’ve been living and how foolish I’ve been. However, in the modern era, such insights into human history have likely been explored both extensively and deeply. The widespread adoption of information devices like personal computers, along with the rapid development of the web as a means of information communication and exchange, are likely driving this “information evolution.”
 And now, the practical application of AI is rapidly spreading and is likely to accelerate even further.
 The other day, I found myself reflecting on humanity’s fundamental inclination toward “things that are beautiful, even if they serve no practical or edible purpose,” and the exhibition even showcased “the roots of music.” The following is quoted from the explanatory text.
 ~Numerous flutes made from bird bones have been discovered at archaeological sites across Europe. Some of these date back more than 30,000 years and are the world’s oldest confirmed musical instruments. Music was universal across Homo sapiens societies worldwide and likely existed as far back as the time of our common ancestors in Africa. …A flute excavated from the Isturitz site in France, dating from 27,000 to 20,000 years ago. Its sides are adorned with fine incised patterns. (Unfortunately, it was presented only as an illustration, not the actual artifact or a replica.)~
A scene was recreated depicting how such instruments were played during cave life, with many of our ancestors likely listening intently to their tones in the darkness of night. Performances in caves—spaces with high reverberation. While we can surmise that the bones of hunted animals were put to use within the caves at night, the situation in which “musical culture” emerged as an evolved form during breaks from such tasks is becoming increasingly clear.
 From this cultural development, the fact emerges that the talents of “performers and musicians who could skillfully move people’s hearts” were also honed. Melodies were born, and poetic emotions took shape as a “shared cultural realm” for humanity. These “accompaniment” instruments likely accompanied what appears to be an even more primordial form of expression: “vocal expression/song.”
The cultural realm “sung forth” in the mind must have centered on themes that evoked a universal “experience” for many people. From there, the realm of “suki” (aesthetic appreciation) was awakened in people, and music and art took their earliest form.
 While musical instruments are the only artifacts we can consider from archaeological excavations, we can actually catch a glimpse of this human cultural essence in the background. This kind of “stylistic” culture developed independently in various parts of the world…

● Announcement
My book, “Writers and Living Spaces,” has been published as an e-book by Gentosha.
Available on Amazon.

【34,000年前人類遺跡の墓にみる富の集中・身分差】




 昨日は「マンモスの牙を素材にした住宅」に驚かされたけれど、そのような人類のグレートジャーニーでの「北方展開」社会の実相を垣間見せる「墓」も展示されていた。以下、展示解説文。
 〜スンギール遺跡の墓
 スンギール遺跡(34000年前)から発覚された成人男性の墓と、ここに展示してある10歳前後の子ども2人の墓は、例を見ない豪華な副葬品で有名である。それぞれの遺体はさまざまな装飾品におおわれていた。
 衣服やブーツ、帽子に縫いつけられていた3,500個ほどのビーズは、マンモスの牙から削り出されたもので1つ作るだけで1時間近くかかったとされている。まだ成人前の子どもに莫大な富が与えられていることから、スンギールの社会では、身分の違いに加えて権力の相続があったのではないかと考えられている。
床画には赤い顔料がまかれている。副葬品としてマンモス牙製の槍が遺体に沿って置かれ、動物の歯とマンモス牙のビーズは衣服・帽子などに縫いつけられていた。〜
 出アフリカからの人類社会のこの時期では確実に「権力が存在し」しかもそれが世襲というカタチで存在していたことを証言している。かつてこういった人類段階での富の集中・身分格差は想像されてこなかったと思う。農耕社会が出現して以降、富の集中が進行して身分格差が出現した。それ以前は「原始共産制」とでも呼べる社会があったのだと、わたしなどの世代は「戦後教育」的に刷り込まれてきたと思う。
 わたしはそこから出発して左派的な思想を青春前期、自分の中で積み上げていった気分があった。
 そういう「空想主義」がこの墓の実相を見て完全に崩壊し去った。
 たしかに20世紀社会で出現した共産主義=独裁権力の破綻ぶりは明らか。人類の「欺瞞性の終焉」をお隣の国などに感じる。そもそもの超古代の人類史でのこういう痕跡を明々白々に見せつけられ、驚愕させられた。
 グレートジャーニー期では「集団意思」としての社会統御が不可欠だろう。マンモスのような巨大生物狩猟を実現するためには、戦略実行のための機敏な指揮命令系統の確固たる存在が合目的的。「社会がうまく機能する」ためには、必要な社会システムなのだろう。
 逆に言うとチャーチルが言ったように現代社会が到達した民主主義は「面倒だけれど、これしかない」人類進化の象徴なのだと強く思い至らされる。

●お知らせ
拙書「作家と住空間」幻冬舎から電子書籍で発刊
お求めはAmazonで。
https://amzn.asia/d/eUiv9yO

English version⬇

[Concentration of Wealth and Social Inequality as Seen in a 34,000-Year-Old Human Archaeological Site]
Better late than never (lol)—I’m finally studying empirical human history. I’m amazed by the tangible evidence that the driving force behind human development was the “evolution” of command structures and power. …

 Yesterday, I was amazed by the “house made from mammoth tusks,” but the exhibition also featured “graves” that offer a glimpse into the reality of the “northern expansion” society during humanity’s Great Journey. Below is the exhibition description.
 ~Graves from the Sungir Site
The grave of an adult male discovered at the Sungir Site (34,000 years ago) and the graves of two children around 10 years old on display here are famous for their unprecedentedly lavish grave goods. Each body was covered with various ornaments.
 The approximately 3,500 beads sewn onto their clothing, boots, and hats were carved from mammoth tusks; it is said that it took nearly an hour to make just one. Given that such immense wealth was bestowed upon children who had not yet reached adulthood, it is believed that Sungir society likely involved not only social hierarchy but also the inheritance of power.
Red pigment was scattered across the floor painting. A spear made of mammoth ivory was placed alongside the body as a grave offering, and beads made from animal teeth and mammoth ivory were sewn onto clothing, hats, and other items. ~
This serves as clear evidence that, at this stage of human society following the Out-of-Africa migration, “power definitely existed” and was passed down through hereditary succession. I believe that, until now, the concentration of wealth and social stratification at this stage of human development had never been imagined. I believe that my generation, shaped by “postwar education,” was indoctrinated to believe that prior to the emergence of agricultural societies, there existed a society that could be called “primitive communism,” and that the concentration of wealth and the emergence of social stratification occurred only after that.
 Starting from that premise, I felt as though I had built up leftist ideologies within myself during my early youth.
 That kind of “utopianism” completely collapsed upon seeing the true nature of this tomb.
 Certainly, the collapse of communism—which emerged in 20th-century society as a form of dictatorial power—is evident. I sense the “end of human hypocrisy” in neighboring countries, for example. But to be confronted so starkly with such traces from the very dawn of human history left me utterly astonished.
 During the “Great Journey” era, social control through “collective will” must have been indispensable. To successfully hunt giant creatures like mammoths, a solid, agile chain of command for executing strategies is essential. It is likely the social system necessary for “society to function properly.”
Conversely, as Churchill said, I am strongly led to believe that the democracy modern society has achieved is a symbol of human evolution—one that is “troublesome, but there is no other choice.”

● Announcement
My book, *Writers and Living Spaces*, has been published as an e-book by Gentosha.
Available on Amazon.