写真上と２番目は韓国仏国寺の門の建築の様子。
対して３番目は法隆寺の南大門です。
法隆寺の玄関にあたる総門です。三間一戸の八脚門で現法隆寺建立時には中門前の
石段上に立っていたが、寺域の拡大により現在の場所に移転。（国宝）
日本の法隆寺では全体的に装飾性は抑えられて
屋根を支えている「頬杖」と見なせる組物の類は門では省略されている。
質実な作りで屋根の瓦の大きさもごく抑制的で機能性に徹している印象。
それに対して仏国寺の門は、瓦は目を剥くような大きさで
しかも組物もこれでもかと装飾的に作られています。
とくに２枚目の写真は毘盧殿に至る位置の門なのですが、
いかにもプロポーションは「頭でっかち」という印象が強い。
バランスはもちろん整合性が取られているけれど、
一見でのつかみの印象ではそのような捉え方ができる。
どっちがどうという問題ではなくやはり民族的な相違のようにも思われる。
もちろん時代的に150年の年代差があって法隆寺の方がより古いので
瓦の技術や木組みのデザイン感覚にそれが表れた可能性もあるでしょうか。
以下は両方の寺院が建設された当時の東アジア政治社会情勢。

この両寺の創建年、600年代初頭と750年頃には
東アジア外交的に平和と緊張が繰り返されていた時期。
法隆寺創建の頃は小野妹子がはじめて遣隋使として派遣されたような時期。
聖徳太子による摂政期で律令体制を構築した中国との関係が強まった。
古代国家における法治主義と背景としての仏教思想普及といえる。
仏教思想の社会的拡散はそれによって統一国家・日本を確立しようとしたもの。
朝鮮半島との関係では百済との関係が強まり、
他の半島国家との関係は緊張化していた。隋唐との関係は先進文化の導入であり、
律令と仏教の受容が進み、一方で国内統一を巡っての対立も進行した。
昔の教育では「大化の改新」645年・乙巳の変で蘇我氏殲滅。
政権を掌握した天智は軍事強化によって国内支配確立を図ったのか、
663年には東アジア世界での大きな古代戦争であった白村江が勃発する。
唐と新羅連合によって百済は滅亡し日本は敗戦し外交は危機に瀕した。
その後日本は唐や新羅からの攻撃に備え東アジア世界との距離を置いていた。
・・・というような古代での東アジア世界の国家関係相克が活発な時代。
法隆寺創建時は古代律令制度に準拠した統一国家に向かっていった時代であり、
法隆寺はそのシンボル的な建築営為だったように思われる。
一方で朝鮮半島では百済を滅亡させ高句麗も滅亡に向かったことで、
統一新羅が成立して仏国寺はその宗教的権威性を発揚する建築だったか。
一方で同時期の日本は大仏開眼会が開催されて
統一新羅の王子も首席の代表外交団として来日する友好的関係期。
こうした東アジア国際関係がこれらの寺院建築には刻印されているのだろうか。

より権威的・威信材建築的な仏国寺の意匠性と
初期の仏教導入期の素朴さも感じられる法隆寺の意匠性。
古代の国際関係もまた「民族性」形成に関与する部分もあったのではないか。
隣国関係史というのは奥行きがきわめて深い・・・。

English version⬇

[International affairs at the time of construction Horyuji Temple and Bulguksa Temple-7]
The top and second photos show the architecture of the gate of Bulguksa Temple in Korea.
On the other hand, the third is the Namdaemun of Horyuji Temple.
This is the main gate, which is the entrance to Horyuji Temple. At the eight-legged gate of Sanma Ichinohe, in front of the Nakamonzen when the current Horyuji Temple was built
Although he stood on the stone steps, he moved to the current location due to the expansion of the temple area. (National treasure)
At Horyuji Temple in Japan, the overall decoration is suppressed.
The kind of braid that can be regarded as the “cheek cane” that supports the roof is omitted at the gate.
Impression that the size of the roof tiles is very restrained and the functionality is devoted to the simple construction.
On the other hand, at the gate of Bulguksa Temple, the tiles are so big that you can see them.
Moreover, the braid is still decorative.
In particular, the second photo is the gate at the location leading to Vairocana.
I have a strong impression that the proportions are “big head”.
The balance is of course consistent, but
At first glance, the impression of grasping can be seen in such a way.
It doesn’t seem to be a matter of which one, but it seems to be an ethnic difference.
Of course, there is a 150-year age difference, and Horyuji is older.
Is it possible that this was reflected in the tile technology and the design sense of the wooden frame?
The following is the political and social situation in East Asia at the time when both temples were built.

These two temples were founded in the early 600s and around 750s.
A period of diplomatic peace and tension in East Asia.
When Horyuji was founded, it was like Ono no Imoko was dispatched as a mission to Sui for the first time.
Relations with China, which built the decree system during the regent period by Prince Shotoku, strengthened.
It can be said that the rule of law in the ancient nation and the spread of Buddhist thought as a background.
The social diffusion of Buddhist thought was an attempt to establish a unified nation, Japan.
In relation to the Korean Peninsula, the relationship with Baekje became stronger,
Relations with other peninsular nations were tense. The relationship with Sui Tang is the introduction of advanced culture,
The acceptance of Ritsuryo and Buddhism has progressed, while the conflict over domestic unification has also progressed.
In the old education, “Taika Reform” 645, the Soga clan was annihilated by the change of Otomi.
Did Tenji, who took control of the government, try to establish domestic control by strengthening the military?
In 663, Baekgang, a major ancient war in the East Asian world, broke out.
Baekje was destroyed by the Tang and Silla coalition, Japan was defeated, and diplomacy was at stake.
After that, Japan kept a distance from the East Asian world in preparation for attacks from Tang and Silla.
An era in which the conflict of national relations in the East Asian world was active in ancient times.
When Horyuji was founded, it was an era toward a unified nation that was compliant with the ancient decree system.
Horyuji Temple seems to have been its symbolic architectural activity.
On the other hand, on the Korean Peninsula, Baekje was destroyed and Goguryeo was also destroyed.
Was Bulguksa Temple an architecture that raised its religious authority after the establishment of Unified Silla?
On the other hand, in Japan at the same time, the Great Buddha Eye Opening Party was held.
The prince of unified Silla also came to Japan as the chief representative diplomatic corps during the friendly relationship period.
Is this East Asian international affairs imprinted on these temple buildings?

More authoritative and prestigious architectural design of Bulguksa Temple
The design of Horyuji Temple, where you can feel the simplicity of the early Buddhist introduction period.
Perhaps ancient international affairs were also involved in the formation of “ethnicity.”
The history of neighboring country relations is extremely deep …

Posted on 9月 20th, 2021 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 住宅マーケティング, 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪