国立歴史民俗博物館の1-2世紀の日本列島の状況解析パネル群。
北部九州が大陸・半島との文化の導入口である一方、
水田農耕の東進に伴って人口増加が各地で発生して在来の縄文文化と
あるいは対立したり混淆したりして独自の文化圏が形成された。
しかも北部九州はあまりにも国土全体からは西に偏りすぎているのと、
稲作の好適地域は日本列島各地に散在し、分散的な地域発展を見せていた。
きのうは「出雲王権」とおぼしき日本海地域を見たが、
本州島中部の関東中部東海という列島コア地域の状況です。

西方由来の文物の流入がこれら地域でも顕著とされている。
1-2世紀には鏡や銅鐸、鉄剣などの北部九州に端を発する各種金属製品が
これら東方世界にも浸透していった。
素材や形状は北部九州に由来しつつも東方独自の形が見えてきて、
文化の受容と自己主張の両面性が見えてくる、という解説。
一方、墓制では円形周溝墓と方形周溝墓が営まれている。
東方日本では古来、周溝を持つ墓を営んできた。
周溝とは一種の「防衛施設」と考えるのが自然だと思うけれど、
板東という地域は、そのように荒々しい風土性を表現しているのか。
この時代からそうした地域性があって後の世に武士政権を生み出すのだろうか。
中部高地地域では円形周溝墓、東海〜関東では方形周溝墓という違い。
この周溝墓とは「共同墓域」とされているけれど、徐々に
西方からの金属製品やガラス玉などの副葬品を持った有力者の墓域が
このなかに顕在してくるようになる。
大量生産可能な稲作農業の浸透は、社会に格差を顕在化させたのだろう。
地図を詳細に見ていると、とくに関東地域での房総西部海岸、
その対岸地域としての相模地域に遺跡が集中していて、
たぶん古利根川の氾濫地域が広大に空白になっている様子が伝わる。
歴史年代になってくると「上総」は親王が守とされて
在地の最上位職は「介」とされる。古関東地域での房総の重要性がわかる。
そもそも「東海道」は三浦半島から渡海して上総に通っていたとされる。
また1-2世紀にはこの地域で赤く着色された土器が出現する。
列島各地の土器が色彩や装飾を失い簡素に実用性主体になっていくのに、
東方世界ではより強く「赤彩」を意識していたということ。
縄文土器から弥生土器に移行する大勢のなかで、どうも縄文的感受性が
一種の抵抗を見せてたようにも感じられるのだけれど、どうだろうか。

アジアの稲作農業にとって日本列島はある種、フロンティア。
後世でのヨーロッパ世界にとってのアメリカのような側面が強くあると思う。
文化的には色濃く受容しつつも、独立心は強く存在した。
朝鮮半島とはまた全然違う強い文化的求心力が働く地域だったように思える。

English version⬇

The World in the First and Second Centuries of the Kanto, Chubu, and Tokai Regions: The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 42
The Japanese archipelago is the frontier of rice agriculture in Asia. It is thought that the dispersed existence of suitable land for cultivation fostered a strong culture of regional independence. The Japanese Islands

A group of panels analyzing the situation of the Japanese archipelago in the 1st and 2nd centuries at the National Museum of Japanese History.
While northern Kyushu was the entry point for the introduction of cultures from the continent and peninsulas
While northern Kyushu was a cultural gateway to the continent and peninsulas, the eastward expansion of rice paddy farming led to population growth in many areas, forming unique cultural areas that either conflicted with or intermingled with native Jomon culture.
The population growth in each region was accompanied by the eastward expansion of rice paddy agriculture, which resulted in the formation of unique cultural spheres that either conflicted or intermingled with native Jomon culture.
Moreover, Northern Kyushu is too far west of the country as a whole, and the best areas for rice cultivation are located in the Japanese archipelago.
The suitable areas for rice cultivation were scattered all over the Japanese archipelago, showing a decentralized regional development.
Yesterday, we saw the Sea of Japan region, which is considered to be the “Izumo Kingdom.
This is the situation in the core region of the archipelago, the Kanto Chubu Tokai region in the central part of Honshu Island.

The influx of cultural relics of western origin is also evident in these regions.
In the 1st and 2nd centuries, various metal products originating in northern Kyushu, such as mirrors, bronze bells, and iron swords
The materials and shapes of these objects originated in Northern Kyushu.
While the materials and shapes of these objects originated in northern Kyushu, they also had a unique form in the East.
This is a commentary on the dual nature of cultural acceptance and self-assertion.
On the other hand, in terms of the tomb system, circular and square periglottis tombs were constructed.
In Eastern Japan, tombs with ditches have been used since ancient times.
It is natural to think of peri-ditch tombs as a kind of “defense facility.
Does the region of Bando express such a rough endemic character?
Is it possible that such a regional character from this period would give rise to a warrior government in later generations?
The difference is that the Chubu Highland area has circular ditch tombs, while the Tokai to Kanto areas have square ditch tombs.
Although these periglottis tombs are considered to be “common grave sites,” they are gradually being used as a place to store metal products, glass beads, and other items from the west.
The graves of influential people with metalware, glass beads, and other burial accessories from the west are gradually becoming apparent in this area.
The tombs are thought to be “communal grave sites.
The spread of mass-production rice agriculture must have brought about a disparity in society.
Looking at the map in detail, we can see that the western coast of Boso, especially in the Kanto region, and the Sagami region on the opposite coast of Boso.
The sites are concentrated in the Sagami area on the opposite coast of the Kanto region, and are probably the result of the flooding of the Ko-Tone River.
The map also shows that the flooded area of the Ko-Tone River is a large blank area.
In the historical period, “Kamihisa” was protected by the Oyashio, and the highest position in the locality was “Kuso”.
The highest position in the locality is considered to be “Kozuke”. This shows the importance of Boso in the old Kanto region.
It is said that the Tokaido Highway originally crossed the Miura Peninsula to reach Joso.
In the 1st and 2nd centuries, red-colored earthenware appeared in this region.
While pottery from other parts of the archipelago lost color and decoration and became simpler and more utilitarian.
While pottery from other parts of the archipelago lost color and decoration and became simpler and more utilitarian, the eastern world had a stronger awareness of “red coloring”.
In the midst of the shift from Jomon to Yayoi earthenware, it seems as if Jomon sensibilities were showing a kind of resistance.
I wonder if this is because the Jomon sensibility was resisting the shift from Jomon earthenware to Yayoi earthenware.

The Japanese archipelago was a frontier for rice agriculture in Asia.
I think it has a strong aspect like America to the European world in later times.
While they were culturally accepted, they also had a strong sense of independence.
It seems to have been a region where a strong cultural centripetal force, completely different from that of the Korean peninsula, was at work.

Posted on 12月 14th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

古代の「国際関係」にとって非常に重要な半島地域。
日本列島社会にとってもっとも身近な地域として日本の王権の誕生に
大きな関わりを持っていたに違いないと思うけれど、
そうした関係論の解剖はあまり聞かない。
神武東征の時期が１世紀という説が強くなってくるとすれば
北部九州とこれらの地域との関係性は核心的だとも思える。
この時期の半島社会は、北に楽浪郡とその後その南方に置かれた帯方郡があり
半島南部地域は三韓といわれる時代になっていた。
〜三韓とは1世紀から4世紀にかけての朝鮮半島南部に存在した集団とその地域。
108年朝鮮半島南部に漢の武帝が楽浪郡以下の四郡を置き郡県制の支配を及ぼし、
韓民族もその直接間接の支配を受けた。さらに３世紀には遼東太守公孫氏によって
帯方郡が設けられると帯方郡は三韓さらに海を隔てた倭を含んだ
東アジアのキーステーションの役割を果たした。
●韓民族の国家形成
313年に楽浪郡、翌年帯方郡が北方に急成長した高句麗によって滅ぼされた結果
帯方郡の間接的統治を受けていた韓民族に自立の動きが強まった。
まず馬韓の50余国はその中の一つであった百済によって統合され、
辰韓の12余国は新羅によって統合された。
しかし弁韓の地は加羅など小国家分立が続き、
倭の大和政権も進出した。4世紀以降の朝鮮は三国時代といわれることになる。〜
大陸の独裁権力国家の消長の影響が大きく反映していた。

そういった国際情勢の中で神武は北部九州から東征し本州中部に王権を樹立。
このことは日本列島での「地政学」的には妥当性が高い動き。
しかし一方では半島−九州北部地域の方がはるかに先進地域。
白村江の海戦は西暦663年8月27日。これを沸騰点として
半島と列島の社会は非常に密接に関係して連動していたと思われる。
現代のわれわれは国家の存在を無意識の前提にして歴史を考えるけれど、
朝鮮半島の政治的緊張に対して海外派兵を決断するというのは
かなりの飛躍のある考え方だと思える。
それほどの半島南部社会との強い関係性があって決断したのだろう。
普通に考えれば、それはひとつの沸騰点であってむしろ日常的に
強い結びつきがあってその延長線上で派兵があったと考える方が自然。
また、白村江敗戦はちょうど戦後社会の大転換のような要素を
日本社会にもたらしたとも思える。
百済の臣民たちが大挙して列島に移動してきたことで王権が強化もされた。
祭政のレベルがそれを契機として一気に加速したことがわかる。

English version⬇

What was the “Three Hans” Peninsula Region in the 1st Century? The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 41]
During the period of 600 years between the Shinmu Expedition and the Battle of Hakuchon River in 663, the unified government of Japan was born and had a strong relationship with the peninsular society. …

The peninsula region is very important for “international relations” in ancient times.
It must have had a great deal to do with the birth of Japanese kingship as the region closest to the Japanese archipelago society.
I think it must have had a great deal to do with the birth of the Japanese kingship.
However, we do not hear much dissection of such a relationship.
If the theory of the first century is strengthened, the relationship between northern Kyushu and these regions is not so clear.
The relationship between northern Kyushu and these regions seems to be the core of the theory.
The society of the peninsula during this period consisted of Raknami-gun in the north and later Obihang-gun to the south of Raknami-gun.
The southern region of the peninsula was known as Sanhan.
〜The three Han are the groups and regions that existed in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula from the 1st to 4th centuries.
In 108, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established four counties under Naknang-gun in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and ruled it under the county and prefecture system.
The Han people were also ruled directly or indirectly by the Wudang. In the 3rd century, Gongsun, the governor of Liaodong
Bifang-gun was established by Gongsun, the governor of Liaodong in the 3rd century, and played the role of a key station in East Asia
The county played the role of a key station in East Asia, including the three Koreas and Japan, which was located across the sea.
Formation of the Han Nation
After the destruction of Yeoknam-gun in 313 and Obihang-gun the following year by the rapidly growing Goguryeo Dynasty in the north
The indirect rule of Bihang-gun led to a growing movement toward self-reliance among the Han people.
First, the 50-odd states of Mahan were united by Baekje, which was one of the 50-odd states of Mahan.
The 12 countries of the Jinhan region were united by Silla. However, the division of small states continued in Benhan, such as Kara, and the Yamato regime of Japan also moved in.
From the 4th century onward, Korea was known as the Three Kingdoms Period. 〜The fourth century onward, Joseon became known as the Three Kingdoms Period.
The influence of the dissipation of dictatorial powers on the continent was greatly reflected in the Joseon Dynasty.

In such an international situation, Jinmu conquered the east from northern Kyushu and established a royal authority in the central part of Honshu.
This was a highly appropriate move in terms of “geopolitics” in the Japanese archipelago.
On the other hand, however, the Peninsula – northern Kyushu region is a much more advanced region.
The Battle of Hakumura-jiang was on August 27, 663 AD. This was the boiling point.
Peninsular and archipelagic societies seem to have been very closely related and interlocked.
Today, we think of history based on the unconscious assumption of the existence of a nation.
But the decision to deploy troops overseas in response to political tensions on the Korean peninsula seems to me to be a considerable leap of faith.
It is quite a leap of faith.
The decision must have been based on such a strong relationship with the society in the southern part of the peninsula.
Normally, this would be a boiling point, but it is more likely that the decision was made because of the strong ties that exist between the two Koreas on a day-to-day basis.
It is more natural to think that there were strong ties between the two countries on a daily basis, and that the deployment of troops was an extension of those ties.
The defeat at the Hakuchon River also seems to have brought about a major social change in postwar Japan.
The defeat at Baekchonjiang brought about a major shift in Japanese society in the postwar period.
The large number of Baekje subjects who moved to the archipelago also strengthened the royal authority.
The level of ritual government was accelerated by this event.

Posted on 12月 12th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

きのう皇學館大学・岡田登名誉教授の説をご紹介しました。
日本政治の初源期においての最大のポイントが「外交」であったという考え。
経済としての日本社会の発展は弥生の水田農耕が列島に拡散していったことで
その農耕最適地がどんどん東進していった。
九州南部は独特の土壌地質であって、水田農耕としては瀬戸内海地域から
さらに畿内地域、東海・北陸と経済社会拡大が進展していった。
アジアからの旺盛な移民流入もあったに違いない。
ことは食糧にかかわることなので当然人口爆発ということと同義だった。
そういう社会環境の進展の中で祭政として方向性を領導する支配層は
中国社会が国家を生成させることで発展の加速力を得ていることを
交渉・交易の過程で強烈に体験させられただろうと思う。
漢は鉄という産業の最重要ポイントを「国家管理」することで
社会発展をこれみよがしに周辺の社会に強く認識させていった。
漢字という共通コミュニケーション手段をも創造し、
社会コントロール方法としての「政治支配」構造をつくり出していた。
こういった「外圧」があったときに歴史年代の日本社会がどう対応したか。
直近では明治の開国、そして戦後の社会変動を見れば、
日本の選択というのは一択だった可能性がもっとも高い。
そういう「外圧」をむしろ積極的にテコにして社会進化を進める。
統一国家というものの強烈な「有用性」を目の当たりにすれば
それを積極的に導入し「学んで」咀嚼していくのが列島人社会の特質。
明治国家、戦後国家がたどったと同じ内容のことが最初期体験として
この段階で生起したと考える方がはるかに妥当だと思える。

日本社会でもその地理的な要素から農業発展には濃度の違いが生まれ
各地域で「八百万」の支配構造が自然に生成されていただろうけれど、
その各指導層としては経済で根幹的に重要な鉄の確保が
中国国家によって左右される現実の中で、それへの対応を常に迫られていた。
各地域間の覇権同士では競合関係もあっただろうし、
それらの「合従連衡」関係も進展していったに違いない。
出雲王権とはこういうゆるやかな連合関係の存在だったか。
そういうなかで「神武東征」という「日本」国家の起動要因が生成した。
こういった「大状況把握」がふさわしいとわたしには思えます。
そして「統一政権国家」というものの実効性を考えれば
対外的な文化導入地域としては北部九州が適地だとはいえ、
政権の列島支配のバランスを考えれば「東征」に蓋然性がある。
この時代の、そしてそれ以降の社会の構図として
畿内地域が中央政府所在地としてはもっとも妥当だったのだろう。
最終的に奈良平野地域が選択されたのには、独自の条件もあっただろう。
この要因分析とその後の社会発展に於いてこの選択が日本人と国家にとって
最適解であったかどうかは検証の余地があるだろう。
一方で奈良平野が選択されたことで生じた社会経済文化的な特異要因も
大いに検証されていく必要があると思う。こっちの方が興味深いか（笑）。

English version⬇

The Creation of a Nation = Economic Development and the Jimmu Expedition to the East 37,000 Years of the Japanese Archipelago – 40]
Eastward expansion of rice paddy farming throughout Japan. The economic and social development by the establishment of the Chinese state was seen on the side. The probability of the Jinmu expedition and the creation of a nation increased.

Yesterday I introduced a theory by Professor Emeritus Noboru Okada of Kōgakukan University.
He believes that diplomacy was the most important factor in the early period of Japanese politics.
The development of Japanese society as an economy was the result of the spread of Yayoi rice paddy farming across the archipelago.
The optimum land for agriculture moved eastward.
Southern Kyushu has a unique soil geology, and paddy field agriculture was developed in the Seto Inland Sea region, the Kinai region, the Tokai region, the Tokai region, and the Tokai and Tokai regions.
The economic and social expansion of the region continued to progress from the Seto Inland Sea region to the Kinai region, and then to the Tokai and Hokuriku regions.
There must have been a strong influx of immigrants from Asia.
The population explosion was naturally synonymous with the food shortage.
In such an evolving social environment, the ruling class, which guided the direction of the government as a ceremonial regime, had the responsibility to ensure that Chinese society would be able to generate a nation.
Chinese society was gaining an acceleration of development through the creation of the state.
The Han Dynasty was the most important industrial power in the iron industry, and it was the most important industry in China.
By “state controlling” the most important point of industry, iron, the Han
The Han Dynasty, by “state control” of the most important point of its iron industry, made the surrounding societies aware of its social development.
The Han also created a common means of communication in the form of Chinese characters
This was a way to control society and create a structure of “political domination”.
How did Japanese society in the historical period respond to such “external pressure”?
Looking at the most recent period, the opening of Japan to the outside world in the Meiji era, and the social changes that occurred after the war, it is clear that Japan had only one choice.
It is most likely that Japan had only one choice.
Japan’s social evolution was driven by such “external pressure” rather than by its own positive leverage.
If we see the strong “usefulness” of a unified nation, we will actively introduce and “learn” it.
The characteristic of the archipelagic societies is that they actively introduce, “learn,” and chew it up.
It is much more likely that the same thing that happened to the Meiji and postwar nations
It is far more plausible to think that the same thing that happened to the Meiji and postwar states occurred at this stage of their initial experience.

Even in Japanese society, the geographical factors created differences in the concentration of agricultural development.
The “eight million” ruling structure would have been naturally generated in each region, but the leaders would have been more concerned with the economy.
However, the reality is that the Chinese state is in charge of securing iron, which is fundamentally important for the economy.
The leaders of each of these regions had to deal with the reality that the Chinese nation was in control of the availability of iron, which was fundamentally important to their economies.
There may have been competition among regional hegemons.
The Izumo kingdom was not a loose, united entity, but a “combination” of the two.
The Izumo royalty may have existed in such a loose federative relationship.
It was in such a situation that the “Jimmu expedition” was the starting factor of the “Japanese” state.
I believe that this kind of “grasp of the larger situation” is appropriate.
And if we consider the effectiveness of the “unified government state
Although northern Kyushu was the best place to introduce Japanese culture to the outside world, it was not the best place to introduce Japanese culture to the Japanese people.
However, the balance of the regime’s control over the archipelago makes the “Eastern Expedition” more probable.
The composition of society in this period and beyond
The Kinai region was probably the most appropriate location for the central government.
The final choice of the Nara Plain region may have had its own unique conditions.
In analyzing these factors and the subsequent social development, it is important to examine whether this choice was the optimal solution for the Japanese people and the nation.
There is room to verify whether this choice was the best solution for the Japanese people and the nation in the analysis of these factors and the subsequent development of society.
On the other hand, the socioeconomic and cultural peculiarities that resulted from the selection of the Nara Plain also need to be examined.
I think it is necessary to examine the socioeconomic and cultural peculiarities that resulted from the selection of the Nara Plain. This is more interesting (laugh).

Posted on 12月 10th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

さていよいよ日本列島に国家というものが生成される歴史過程になる。
邪馬台国論争とか、古代史最大のナゾという領域なので
国立歴史民俗博物館展示でも総じて抑制的でしたが、しかし、
その後の社会変化にとって決定的でもある。避けて通るわけにも行きません。
観察者としての個人的見解ということでご理解いただければ幸い。
できるだけ客観的な事象に絞って稿を進めてみたい。

中国では秦の成立以降、中央集権的な「中華皇帝」国家が出現する。
それ以前の書物でもいくつかの「倭国」に触れた記述があるとされるけれど、
いわゆる「正史」で記述されるのは、漢の時代になる。
中国では王朝の交代ごとに前代の正史が書かれる。
前漢（紀元前206年-8年）と後漢（25年-220年）が「漢王朝」の時代。
初出は「漢書地理志」で成立は紀元後84年とされる。
班固という人物が書き前漢時代から後漢の初期のことを述べている。
1.東の海に倭人の住む島がある。倭人の国は百ケ国以上に分かれている。
2.定期的に漢に倭の国々の王の使いがやって来て、貢ぎ物を持ってくる。
もうひとつが「後漢書東夷伝」で成立は紀元後432年。
范曄という人物記述のこの後漢の歴史書では以下の通りの記載。
1.西暦57年に倭の奴国王が貢物。日本は小国分立中。奴国は日本の最南端と。
後漢の皇帝である光武帝は金印を与えた。奴国王であることを認証。
2.永初元年（107年）倭国王帥升等、生口160人を献じ、請見を願う。
成立年代に即して整理するとこういう記録があることになる。

この時代、漢は朝鮮半島いまの平壌周辺に「楽浪郡」を置いた。
巨大集権国家が日本列島の近くに権力拠点を作ったことが、
半島地域を介して日本列島社会にも激震をもたらせたと想像できる。
すでに弥生の水田農耕社会が広がっていた列島社会、
日常的な戦争行為が繰り返されていた「倭国乱れる」状況の中で
それぞれの族長層にとって、この巨大武権国家の成立、
その地方政庁・郡がすぐ近隣に出現したことが、
どれほどの外交的緊張事態であったか、火を見るよりもあきらか。
その状況の中で自分の利益追求を図るのが自然。
結果、周囲のクニに対してこの状況を利用して優越性を持とうとも考える。
たぶん、楽浪郡の以東地域、朝鮮半島社会では激震となり日本列島社会でも
このような動揺は普遍的に起こった。
なんといっても最先端文明利器としての鉄を独占的に管理している強国。

経済的にも軍事的にもその関係が地域での力関係に影響を持ったことは自明。
朝貢関係というアジア世界で一般的な国家生成過程が始まった。
このことが、日本列島の祭政にとってかなり決定的な要因になっていく。
朝貢体制に翼賛する方向もあり、一方で地域社会の求心性が高まりもする。
ただし、朝鮮半島社会も基本的にはそうであったように、
日本社会は後者の方向に向かっていったと言えるのでしょう。
中国国家に対しては独立性の高い民族自決の方向を基本的に選択した。
この楽浪郡との関係が動機として強かったように思える。

English version⬇

International Relations at the Founding of the Japanese Nation: The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 38
The emergence of the Han Dynasty’s ruling body called Yeoknam-gun in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula caused an upheaval in the society of the peninsula. The Kuni society of the Japanese archipelago is also hit by the upheaval.

Now comes the historical process of the creation of a nation in the Japanese archipelago.
Since this is an area of the greatest riddle in ancient history, such as the “Yabataikoku” controversy, the National Museum of Japanese History exhibition was generally restrained.
The National Museum of Japanese History exhibition was generally restrained, but it is, however, also decisive for the social changes that have taken place since then.
However, it is also decisive for the social changes that have occurred since then. We cannot avoid it.
I hope you will understand that this is my personal view as an observer.
I would like to focus on objective events as much as possible.

After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, a centralized “Chinese emperor” state emerged in China.
Although there are some descriptions of “Yamato” in books written before the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, there are no descriptions in the so-called “authentic history” of Japan.
However, it was not until the Han dynasty that the so-called “authentic history” of Japan was written.
In China, an official history of the previous dynasty is written for each dynastic change.
The Former Han Dynasty (206-8 B.C.) and the Later Han Dynasty (25-220 B.C.) were the periods of the “Han Dynasty.
The first edition of the “Han Book of Geography” is said to have been written in 84 A.D.
It was written by a man named Hanguo, and describes the period from the Former Han Dynasty to the early years of the Later Han Dynasty.
There is an island in the eastern sea where the Japanese live. The Japanese nation is divided into more than a hundred countries.
2. Periodically, envoys of the kings of the Japanese nations would come to Han to bring tribute.
The other is the “Later Han Book of Oriental and Barbarian Biography,” which was established in 432 AD.
In this history book of the Later Han Dynasty, written by a man named Fan Ye, the following is described.
In 57 A.D., King Nukoku of Japan paid tribute. Japan was in the process of dividing into smaller countries. Nukoku is the southernmost part of Japan.
Emperor Kwangmu, the emperor of the Later Han Dynasty, gave a gold seal Authenticating that he was the King of Nukuni.
In the first year of Eishu (107th year), the king of Nukoku, Marshal Masu, presented 160 people and asked for their cooperation.
The records of this period are as follows.

In this period, the Han Dynasty established “Yeoknam-gun” in the vicinity of what is now Pyongyang on the Korean peninsula.
The fact that a large centralized state established a base of power near the Japanese archipelago is a clear indication that the Han Dynasty had a strong influence on Japanese society through the peninsula region.
The establishment of a power base near the Japanese archipelago by a large centralized state can be imagined to have sent tremors through the peninsula to the society of the Japanese archipelago.
The Yayoi paddy-field farming society had already spread across the archipelago.
In the midst of the “Japanese Warring States” situation, in which daily acts of war were being repeated, it is not difficult to imagine the impact of this huge earthquake on the local society.
The establishment of this huge military power state, and its local government offices and counties
The fact that the local government offices and counties of the state appeared in the immediate vicinity was a source of great diplomatic tension.
It is obvious how much diplomatic tension there was for each of the chiefs.
Under such circumstances, it was natural for them to pursue their own interests.
As a result, they also wanted to take advantage of the situation to gain superiority over the surrounding kunis.
Perhaps, such an upheaval, which has become a major shock in the Korean Peninsula and society east of Yerelam-gun, will also be felt in the Japanese archipelago.
Such upheavals occurred universally in the Japanese archipelago.
After all, this is a powerful country that exclusively controls iron as the most advanced civilized weapon.

It is obvious that the relationship had an impact on power relations in the region, both economically and militarily.
The tribute relationship, a state-generating process common in the Asian world, began.
This would become a fairly decisive factor for the ritual government of the Japanese archipelago.
There was a winging of the tribute system, and on the other hand, the centripetal force of the local community increased.
However, as was basically the case with Korean society
Japanese society could be said to have moved in the latter direction.
It basically chose the direction of national self-determination with a high degree of independence vis-à-vis the Chinese nation.
This relationship with Rakunami-gun seems to have been a strong motive.

Posted on 12月 8th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

きのう見たように鉄という産業革命が弥生の世を決定づけたものだろう。
中国大陸で開発された製鉄技術が最初はその製品・利器が直接導入され
その後、製鉄原料が輸入されて現場で「鍛冶」加工された。
集団労働が基本である水田農耕においてはこの鉄器管理が最重要で
そこに支配という権力構造の高度化の根源的意味があった。
吉野ヶ里遺跡にその痕跡があるとされ、はるか後年の飛鳥宮でも
鍛冶工房跡が王権中枢の数百メートル範囲で発掘されている。
このことがその後の「日本史」の基軸的な動因と思える。

さてそういう社会の中で、先人たちの多くの死が積層していった。
弥生社会は紀元前10世紀ころから成立し近畿で「前方後円墳」が成立するまで
およそ1200年間、各地でさまざまな墓が作られた。
ひとの死はその時代相を表しひとびとの祈りの本質もうかがえる。
古い時代順に、全国の発掘例を上げてみたい。
●支石墓＜紀元前8-紀元前4世紀〜福岡県志登支石墓群＞
朝鮮半島南部系で1m四方の卓状の平石をテーブル脚状の石で支える墓。
福岡西部、佐賀、長崎、熊本に限って分布する。
●渡来人の墓＜紀元前６−紀元前1世紀〜山口県土井ヶ浜遺跡＞
砂丘上に営まれた集団墓地。縄文人より高身長の人びとが葬られていたことから
朝鮮半島から渡ってきた「渡来人」説の根拠となった。
●方形周溝墓＜紀元前３世紀〜大阪府瓜生堂遺跡＞
朝鮮半島南部系で方形に溝を掘り内側に盛り土を1m以上遣っている珍しいカタチ。
１辺が10-20mの方形を呈している。
●大型墳丘墓＜紀元前３世紀〜大阪府加美遺跡＞
26×15m、高さ3mと大型で墳丘内から23基の木棺が確認された。成人14基と
小児9基が見つかり、豊かな副葬品を持っていた。
●再葬墓＜紀元前３世紀〜茨城県泉坂下遺跡＞
遺体を骨にしてその一部を壷などに収めた墓。縄文系で関東、福島・新潟などに
分布する。水田農耕が始まると激減する。
●方形周溝墓＜紀元前2世紀〜紀元前1世紀〜神奈川県歳勝土遺跡＞
隣接の大塚遺跡と80mほど離れて墓道で繋がっていた。25基ほどが
見つかっているがもともと30基ほどあったと考えられている。
●甕棺墓＜紀元前1世紀〜福岡県立岩遺跡＞
棺専用に作られた高さ70cm以上の壷や甕で福岡、佐賀、長崎、熊本、大分、
鹿児島の一部に分布する。紀元前６世紀から紀元後３世紀まで作られる。

列島社会というものが在来の縄文系の人びとと
水田稲作とともに「東アジアのフロンティア」として移住してきた人びとの
混淆というカタチで社会形成されてきた様子がしずかに伝わってくる。
やがて墓制は古墳時代から仏教の導入という局面に進んでいく。
古墳とは権力者の象徴でありその後の寺院建築と対比されるもの。
そうするとこれらの墳墓のカタチとは建築的志向の基層ともいえる。
先人の思いを知ることは自分を知ることと同義なのだろう。合掌。

English version⬇

Death and Tombs in the Yayoi Period: The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 36
The tombs are silent time capsules of the state of society. The tombs are a quiet time capsule of the state of society, from which the way of life of our ancestors and their way of living naturally emerge. The Tomb of the Dead

As we saw yesterday, the industrial revolution in the form of iron was probably the defining factor in the Yayoi period.
Iron manufacturing technology developed in mainland China was first introduced directly into Japan.
Later, ironmaking materials were imported and “forged” on site.
In rice paddy farming, which is based on collective labor, the management of iron tools was of paramount importance.
This was the fundamental meaning of the advancement of the power structure of domination.
It is said that there are traces of the ironworking at the Yoshinogari site, and even at the Asuka Palace, which was built much later, traces of ironworking have been found.
The remains of a blacksmith workshop have been excavated within a few hundred meters of the center of royal authority.
This seems to have been the key factor in the subsequent “history of Japan.

In such a society, the deaths of many of its predecessors were layered on top of each other.
The Yayoi society was established around the 10th century B.C., and for about 1,200 years, various graves were excavated in various locations until the “front-recessed circular mounds” were established in the Kinki region.
Various tombs were built in various places for approximately 1,200 years until the “front-recessed circle burial mounds” were established in the Kinki region.
The death of a person represents the phase of the time, and the nature of people’s prayers can also be seen.
The following are examples of tombs excavated throughout Japan in chronological order.
Stone Tomb <8th century B.C.-4th century B.C.E.> Shido Stone Tomb Group, Fukuoka Prefecture
A 1m square table-shaped flat stone supported by table-leg stones.
They are found only in western Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, and Kumamoto.
Tomb of a visitor to Japan <6th century B.C.-1st century B.C.E.> Doigahama site, Yamaguchi Prefecture
A mass grave constructed on a sand dune. The fact that people taller than the Jomon were buried here suggests that they were “migrant” people from the Korean Peninsula.
The fact that people taller than the Jomon people were buried in these graves has become the basis for the theory that these people came to Japan from the Korean Peninsula.
Square ditch tombs (3rd century B.C.E. – Uryudo site, Osaka Prefecture)
This is an unusual shape of a tomb from the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, in which a square trench was dug and a fill of more than 1 m was placed inside the trench.
It is a square with one side measuring 10 to 20 meters.
Large mound tomb <3rd century B.C.E. – Kami Site, Osaka Prefecture
The mound is large, measuring 26 x 15 m and 3 m high. 23 wooden coffins were found in the mound. Fourteen adult coffins and nine child coffins were found.
The coffins were found to be rich in burial accessories.
Reburial Tomb <3rd century BC – Izumisakashita site, Ibaraki Prefecture>.
A grave in which the remains of a deceased person were reduced to bones and a portion of the bones were placed in an urn or other container. Jomon type, distributed in the Kanto region, Fukushima, Niigata, and other areas.
The graves were distributed in the Kanto region, Fukushima, Niigata, and other areas. The number of these tombs decreased drastically when rice paddy farming began.
Square ditch tombs (2nd century B.C.-1st century B.C.-Toshikatsuchi site, Kanagawa Prefecture)
About 25 graves were found, but it is thought that there were originally about 30.
It is thought that there were originally about 30 of these tombs.
Jar coffin tomb (1st century B.C. – Tateiwa site, Fukuoka Prefecture)
These are jars or pots more than 70 cm high made exclusively for coffins and are found in Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, and Kagoshima.
They are distributed in Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, and Kagoshima. They were made from the 6th century BC to the 3rd century AD.

The archipelago’s society is a combination of the native Jomon people
and those who migrated to the archipelago as the “frontier of East Asia” with rice cultivation in the paddy fields.
The mixture of native Jomon people and those who migrated to the archipelago as “the frontier of East Asia” along with paddy rice cultivation is quietly conveyed.
Eventually, the tomb system progressed from the Kofun period to the introduction of Buddhism.
Kofun tombs are symbols of power and are contrasted with the architecture of temples that followed.
In this sense, the shape of these tombs can be seen as an expression of architectural orientation.
Knowing the thoughts of our ancestors is probably synonymous with knowing ourselves. I bow my head in prayer.

Posted on 12月 6th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »