紀元前221年に中国大陸では「統一国家・秦」が成立し秦の始皇帝が出現した。
中国大陸では揚子江河口を中心とするコメ生産地域と黄河流域の小麦地域という
２つの基本的食糧生産システムが併存するけれど、
小麦と製粉技術が中国に伝来したのは漢代(紀元前202〜紀元後220年）。
前漢の武帝により西域に派遣された張騫の行路＝シルクロード経由で
西方からもたらされた。唐代（618〜907年）になると、華北平原で
小麦栽培が盛んになり特権階級のものだった麺が北方民衆に普及したとされる。
・・・そうすると中国大陸でも「国家」という武力権力は
コメ生産システムの社会普及と並行してきたのだといえる。
秦による中国大陸の統一という事態は、当時の東アジア世界にとっては
相当のインパクトを持って波動していったことは容易に想像できる。
なんといっても日本列島は東アジア世界にとっては「ニューフロンティア」。
たしかに縄文のライフスタイルを固守する先住の人びとは存在したけれど、
九州北部地域から徐々に水田農耕が波及していった段階。
ちょうどアメリカ大陸にヨーロッパからの移住者が進出したのと似たことが
紀元前の時期に「弥生文化」として列島に波及したと思える。
人口規模を支える経済基盤としての優位性は縄文を凌駕していただろう。
この水田農耕地域の「東進」はようやく関東・房総へ到達した段階。
環日本海圏である津軽地域にはこれより以前、紀元前４世紀に到達。
そういうコメ文化受容段階で中国では統一国家が出現したことになる。
秦が統一を果たしてすぐに着手したのが「度量衡の統一」。
国家支配の基本原理が農耕社会の土地や収穫物の計量だったことは
その権力の基盤構造をあきらかにしてくれる。

こうした東アジア的な祭政の基本原理による強大な武力権力への
恐怖というものが容易に列島社会に伝わったことも想像に難くない。
大陸が小国家分立状態であるのと、統一国家であるのとでは
「脅威」の度合いがはるかに違うだろう。
コメ文化によって画一的なライフスタイル、文化圏が作られていくほどに
大陸との国際関係論という意識構造が列島社会で支配的になったことも
これは必然的な成り行きだったことだろう。
この時代以降、神武東征によって古代王権が姿を現す段階まで
国際的な緊張関係として列島社会に迫られていた政治要素だったといえる。
いわゆる「日本史」という事象が徐々に成立していくことになる。・・・


こうした東アジア圏地域での歴史的な「波動」は現代にも
まったく同様に生起し、いわば運命的な「共存関係」が存在している。
海洋国家として世界に開く方向をいち早く選択した日本社会は
幾多の歴史困難を超えて自由社会の価値感を世界と共有しているけれど、
巨大人口の中国社会では現代も困難な局面を迎えている。
あまりにも巨大すぎることが、政治のありようを困難にするのだろうけれど、
独裁が歴史的に一般的な大陸国家で、あからさまな独裁者批判が
朝の雄鶏の叫び声のようにこだましはじめている。
大陸国家での易姓革命ごとの東アジア世界危機も経験してきた日本人として
自然に鋭敏にならざるを得ない。さてどうなっていくのか？

English version⬇

37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago in East Asia since the Establishment of the Qin Dynasty in China – 29
The dictatorship of the “emperor” emerged during the period of acceptance of the rice production system. The long-lasting coexistence in the East Asian world. …

In 221 B.C., the “unified state of Qin” was established on the Chinese continent and Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of China, emerged.
In mainland China, two basic food production systems coexist: the rice production area centered at the mouth of the Yangtze River and the wheat production area in the Yellow River valley.
Two basic food production systems coexist on the Chinese mainland: rice production centered at the mouth of the Yangtze River, and wheat production in the Yellow River valley.
Wheat and milling technology were introduced to China during the Han Dynasty (202 B.C. to 220 A.D.).
It was brought to China from the West via the Silk Road by Zhang An, who was dispatched to the West by Emperor Wu of the previous Han Dynasty.
Zhang Xian was dispatched to the West by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the Tang dynasty (618-907 A.D.), wheat cultivation flourished in the North China Plain
Wheat cultivation flourished in the Tang Dynasty (618-907) in the North China Plain, and noodles, which were once the preserve of the privileged class, are said to have spread to the people of the north.
In this way, the armed power of the “state” in mainland China was also
This suggests that the military power of the “state” in mainland China was concurrent with the spread of the rice production system in the society.
The unification of the Chinese continent by the Qin Dynasty had a considerable impact on the East Asian world at that time.
It is easy to imagine that the unification of the Chinese continent by the Qin Dynasty had a considerable impact on the East Asian world at that time.
After all, the Japanese archipelago was the “new frontier” for East Asia.
While it is true that there were indigenous peoples who adhered to the Jomon lifestyle, there was also a gradual shift to paddy field agriculture from the northern Kyushu region.
However, the Jomon lifestyle was not yet fully realized in Japan until the paddy field agriculture gradually spread from the northern Kyushu region.
This is similar to the arrival of European immigrants in the Americas.
The Yayoi culture, similar to the European immigration to the Americas, spread to the archipelago in the prehistoric period.
The Yayoi culture would have surpassed the Jomon in terms of its superiority as an economic base to support the size of the population.
This “eastward expansion” of rice paddy farming areas finally reached the Kanto and Boso regions.
The Tsugaru region, which is part of the Japan Sea Rim, was reached earlier, in the 4th century BC.
It was at this stage of rice culture acceptance that a unified state emerged in China.
As soon as the Qin Dynasty achieved unification, it immediately set about “unifying the balance of weights and measures.
The fact that the basic principle of state rule was the weighing of land and harvests in an agrarian society
The fact that the basic principle of state rule was the measurement of land and harvests in an agrarian society reveals the foundational structure of power.

The fear of a strong military power based on such a basic principle of East Asian rituals is easily transmitted to the societies of the archipelago.
It is not difficult to imagine that the fear of powerful military power based on these basic principles of East Asian rituals could be easily transmitted to the island societies.
The degree of “threat” would be much different if the continent were a unified nation than if it were a divided state of small states.
The degree of “threat” would be far different.
The more uniform lifestyles and cultural spheres are created by rice culture
The more uniform lifestyles and cultural spheres were created by the rice culture, the more the structure of consciousness of international relations with the continent became dominant in the archipelago society.
This was an inevitable consequence.
From this period onward, until the ancient royal power emerged through the Jinmu expedition
This was a political element of international tension that was pressing on the society of the archipelago.
The so-called “history of Japan” was gradually established. …

These historical “waves” in the East Asian region
The same historical “waves” in the East Asian region are occurring in the present day, and a fateful “coexistence” exists, so to speak.
Japanese society, which was one of the first to choose to open itself to the world as a maritime nation, shares the values of a free society with the rest of the world.
Japanese society, which chose to open itself to the world as a maritime nation, has overcome many historical difficulties and shares the values of a free society with the rest of the world.
However, the Chinese society, with its huge population, is facing a difficult phase even in the present age.
The sheer size of the population may make politics difficult, but it also makes it more difficult to maintain a free society.
In a continental nation where dictatorships have historically been the norm, overt criticism of dictatorships is
The overt criticism of dictatorships in continental countries, where dictatorships have historically been common, is beginning to echo like the crowing of a morning rooster.
As Japanese who have experienced the East Asian world crisis that followed the Yi Surname Revolution in the continental world
I am naturally sensitive to the situation. What will happen now?

Posted on 11月 29th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

紀元前10世紀後半、約3,000年前九州北部で開始された農耕社会。
それとほぼ随伴して紀元前９世紀には「最初の戦死者」が出現する。
水田耕作は計画的に土地を土木工事して田んぼを造作し、
そこにこれも目的的に水利を確保するために「引水」することになる。
最初期から日本列島ではこういう計画的農耕が推進された。
したがって有利な土地を巡って、そして有利な「水利」を巡って
隣接するムラ集団同士は、恒常的な反目関係を生み出す。
縄文社会とは比較できないほどの「人口密度」社会では
こういった緊張関係が加速度的に進展したことは理の当然。
いちばん上の発掘写真は開始された列島社会での戦争の死者の埋葬例。
人類社会普遍の進化として戦争行為というものはある。
食糧の大量生産とその富の蓄積は、同時にそれを略奪しようとする
人類普遍的な欲望を強く刺激した。
生産基盤となる「農業土木」は大量の人員の労働力によって成立するので、
縄文とは比較にならない人口規模社会であり、その土木技術と成員拡大で
戦争の手段と人員「知恵と工夫」も進化したと言えるのだろう。

そのような事態の進展に対応して広域に「環濠」集落が成立する。
ムラ社会は日常の生産活動の集団化によって集村化が自然で
生活共同体としてのムラが発生した。日常生活の竪穴住居群や
生産物を保存する高床倉庫などがそのなかで構築された。
そういうムラ集住環境では、外敵からの襲撃に備えて
共同体の土地の周囲を環濠で囲むようにして、さらにそこで掘られた土を
土塁として高く盛り上げた。頂部にはさらに木組みの柵が構築された。
さらにその周囲には逆茂木や乱杭を設置。初源の「城」だろう。
防衛的戦争準備とするようになっていった。
弥生の初期600年間では金属器・鉄器はまだ普及せず、
人びとは生産作業道具としては木製の鍬やスキなど、そしてコメの採取でも
「石包丁」で収穫していたとされている。
ただ、縄文以来の狩猟具としての弓矢などは当然保持して
戦いの主要武器になっただろうし、石棒から進化した石刀もあった。
後半の600年間以降は開発導入された青銅器・鉄器といった、より鋭利な武器に
進化して行くけれどこの前期段階でもすでに「戦死者」が出ている。

マルクスエンゲルスが想像したような古代社会のありようではなく、
こういう初源的な戦争においても参加者は主体的意思を持っていたと思える。
ムラを守る、という集団的自衛権・自然的な発意からだろう。
いずれにしてもこのような「戦争の起源の発掘」のようなことも
考古事実・人類知として客観的把握できるようになってきたことは
非常に素晴らしいと思う次第。
戦争という人類が随伴した惨禍についても冷静にそれを評価判断することで
それをどう克服できるのかということに繋がっていくだろう。

English version⬇

Agrarian Society and War Simultaneously: The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 27
The development of agricultural engineering, water use, land conflicts, and other aspects of agriculture were always accompanied by the danger of war. Moat encircling settlements for collective self-defense appeared at the same time. War, war, and war

Late 10th century B.C., about 3,000 years ago, an agrarian society began in northern Kyushu.
agricultural society that began in northern Kyushu about 3,000 years ago in the late 10th century B.C. The “first war dead” appeared in the 9th century B.C.E., almost as a corollary.
Paddy field cultivation was a method of systematically constructing rice paddies by civil engineering.
This was also done for the purpose of “drawing water” in order to secure water supply.
From the beginning, this type of planned agriculture was promoted in the Japanese archipelago.
Therefore, neighboring village groups were competing with each other for favorable lands and for favorable “water resources”.
Adjacent village groups would develop a constant rivalry with each other.
In a “densely populated” society that cannot be compared to Jomon society
It is only natural that these tensions developed at an accelerated pace.
The top photo is an example of the burial of war dead in an archipelagic society initiated in this way.
The act of war is a universal evolution of human society.
The mass production of food and the accumulation of its wealth have at the same time
The mass production of food and the accumulation of its wealth have at the same time strongly stimulated the universal desire of humankind to plunder it.
The “agricultural engineering” that forms the basis of this process is based on the labor of large numbers of people, so the scale of the population is not comparable to that of the Jomon.
The Jomon were a society with a population scale incomparable to that of the Jomon, and with their civil engineering technology and expansion of their members, they were able to
The means of warfare and “wisdom and ingenuity” also evolved with the expansion of civil engineering technology and the number of members.

In response to this development, “moat encircling” settlements were established over a wide area.
Mura society is a natural result of the collectivization of daily production activities, and the emergence of the mura as a community of life.
The mura emerged as a living community. Pit dwellings for daily life and stilted warehouses for storing products were built.
and warehouses on stilts for storing products were constructed.
In such a village environment, the community land was surrounded by a ring
The earth dug up from the moat was raised high as an earthwork.
The earth dug up there was heaped up high as an earthen mound. At the top, a wooden fence was further constructed.
In addition, reverse bushes and random stakes were set up around it.
These were used as defensive preparations for war.
In the first 600 years of the Yayoi period, metal and iron tools were not yet widely used.
People used wooden hoes and skis as tools for production work, and even for rice harvesting
It is believed that people used wooden hoes and skis as tools for production, and stone knives for rice harvesting.
However, they naturally retained bows and arrows, which had been used as hunting tools since the Jomon period, and which were probably the main weapons in battle.
The stone sword was also introduced as an evolution from the stone stick.
In the latter half of the 600 years, the weapons evolved into sharper weapons such as bronzes and irons, which were developed and introduced during this period.
Even in this early stage, however, there were already “deaths in battle.

This is not the way Marx Engels imagined ancient societies to be, but the way they were in the beginning.
Even in these primordial wars, the participants seem to have had a proactive will.
It may be out of a collective self-defense or natural initiative to protect the mullahs.
In any case, this kind of “excavation of the origins of war” is also
I think it is wonderful that we are now able to objectively grasp human knowledge
I think it is wonderful that we can now objectively grasp human knowledge as archaeological facts.
By calmly evaluating and judging the scourge of war that has accompanied mankind, we can connect to the question of how we can overcome it.
how we can overcome them.

Posted on 11月 27th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

日本列島での人類史のなかで水田農耕は決定的な社会形成要因。
縄文段階では最大でも約20万人程度の人口規模だったと推定されるものが、
大量の食糧を生産し大きな人口を維持できることは革命的だっただろう。
紀元前10世紀、いまから3,000年前頃に北九州地域にやってきて以降、
一粒万倍の事跡は現実に日本列島での発展史で証明されている。
人口規模ではこの3000年間におよそ20万人が１億2,000万人になったのだから
実に600倍の人口を養うほどの主食の位置を占めてきたことになる。
この列島でその後起こった「歴史」とはコメが背景だったといえる。
それほどに決定的な出来事であったに違いない。
あまりにも巨大な出来事なのでいまは想像力も湧き上がりにくいけれど
初源に於いてはまさに巨大な革命力を持ったことだっただろう。
最新研究では稲作起源は中国の長江流域とされ長江下流の河姆渡遺跡から、
約7,000年前の炭化米や稲作に使われたと思われる道具が出土している。
そこからアジア世界全域に広がっていったとされるけれど
気候条件的に日本列島の高温多湿気候は最適だったのか、
コメの無限発展地域として列島社会は旺盛に開発されていった。
さながらコメ革命が日本列島を覆いつくしていった。
縄文の世で泰平の夢に生きてきた人びとにとって
この大変革がどのように受容されていったのか、
たぶん明治の開国インパクトとも比較不能なほどの根源的な革命だと思う。
また逆に、日本という社会はそういう変動に対して従順で
受容することについては非常に柔軟な民族性を持っているのだと思う。
さらに言えば、その変化を「変える」ことも非常にヘタな国民性なのかも。


福岡県・板付遺跡での絵図では、3000年前ころの「水利」の様子。
このような水田整地土木を行い、そこに水を引く灌漑土木。
揚子江河口地域での水稲栽培開始からの知恵と工夫が
この列島に導入された段階ではすでに4,000年程度の知見蓄積があって
それに即した先端的技術によって導入されたと思われる。
このとき縄文の世の人びととの社会関係がどうであったか。
たぶん低湿地のような「葦原の中」のような土地に着目して
水田を開拓する様子を見ていて、縄文伝統の暮らしを営んでいた人びとは
どのようにこうした事態を認識していたのか、興味深い。
縄文期では活発な地域間交流が船を利用して行われていたので
そういう交流で朝鮮半島地域から情報と技術が導入されたのは自然な理解。
さまざまな交流形態のひとつとして半島・大陸からの集団移住もあった可能性。
３番目の図は炭素14年代法によるイネの列島地域波及のグラフ。
九州北部から瀬戸内地域、近畿、伊勢湾地域、東北北部、中部関東と
その列島地域への漸進ぶりがきれいに表現されている。

English version⬇

Paddy Field Farming / East Asian World Interaction: 37,000 Years of Japanese Archipelago History-25
Traces of advanced agricultural engineering can be seen in the northern part of Kyushu in the early period. Was the entire advanced rice production technology system introduced to the archipelago? The history of agriculture in Japan and the East Asia

Paddy field agriculture has been a decisive factor in the social formation of the Japanese archipelago throughout human history.
The Jomon period is estimated to have had a population of about 200,000 people.
The ability to produce large amounts of food and sustain a large population would have been revolutionary.
Since its arrival in the Kitakyushu region in the 10th century B.C., around 3,000 years ago, the Japanese people have been able to produce and sustain a large population.
The history of the development of the Japanese archipelago has proven that the “one grain, ten thousand times as large” concept is in fact a reality.
In terms of population, the number of people has increased from 200,000 to 120 million over the past 3,000 years.
This means that the staple food has occupied a position that can feed a population 600 times larger than before.
The “history” that followed in this archipelago can be said to have had rice as its backdrop.
It must have been such a decisive event.
It was so huge that it is hard to imagine now.
But at its origin, it must have had a revolutionary power.
According to the latest research, rice cultivation originated in China’s Yangtze River basin, and the remains of the Samudu site on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River have yielded evidence of charcoal production dating back approximately 7,000 years.
Carbonized rice and tools believed to have been used for rice cultivation have been excavated from the ruins at the Kawamudu site on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which date back approximately 7,000 years.
From there, it is believed to have spread throughout the Asian world.
The hot and humid climate of the Japanese archipelago may have been optimal for rice cultivation, but it is also believed to have spread throughout Asia and the rest of the world.
The Japanese archipelago society was vigorously developed as a region of unlimited rice development.
A rice revolution swept over the Japanese archipelago.
For those who had lived the dream of peace in the Jomon era
How was this revolution received by the people who had lived the dream of peace in the Jomon period?
I think it was a revolution so fundamental that it probably cannot be compared to the impact of the opening of Japan to the outside world in the Meiji era.
On the other hand, Japanese society has been very flexible in accepting such changes.
I think, on the other hand, Japanese society has a very flexible ethnicity in terms of accepting such changes.
Furthermore, Japan may not be very good at “changing” such changes.

A drawing at the Itazuke site, Fukuoka Prefecture, shows “water use” around 3,000 years ago.
Irrigation civil engineering to draw water to such paddy field preparation civil engineering.
The wisdom and ingenuity from the start of paddy rice cultivation in the Yangtze River estuary area
The knowledge accumulated over 4,000 years has already been accumulated at the stage when it was introduced to this archipelago.
It is thought that the technology was introduced in line with this knowledge.
What was the social relationship with the Jomon people at this time?
Perhaps they focused on the land “in the reed field” like low marshland
How did the people of the Jomon tradition of living perceive this situation?
It is interesting to see how they perceived these situations.
During the Jomon period, active inter-regional exchanges took place by ship, so it is interesting to see how people who lived a traditional Jomon lifestyle would have perceived this situation.
It is natural that information and technology were introduced from the Korean peninsula through such exchanges.
It is possible that migration from the peninsula and continent was one of the various forms of exchange.
The third figure is a graph of rice spreading across the archipelago based on carbon-14 dating.
The chart shows the gradual spread of rice from northern Kyushu to the Setouchi area, Kinki area, Ise Bay area, northern Tohoku area, central Kanto area, and so on.
The gradual progression of rice to the archipelagic regions is beautifully expressed in this graph.

Posted on 11月 25th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

縄文社会の実相を探る国立歴史民俗博物館の探究はたいへん刺激的。
炭素年代法などの考古探究ドリルの切っ先鋭く、文字記録以前の闇を開いて行く。
従来の住宅研究のレベルを超えて興味深い地点に達している。
「各地の住居を復元する」と題された刺激的パネル展示。
わたしのライフワークテーマとぴったり重なる。
このテーマの前振りとして「各地の集落と社会」という解説が以下。
〜集落や墓地のあり方は各地に於いて異なっていた。たとえば中国地方では
全時期を通じて集落も墓域も小規模であるが、中期の関東地方では大規模なものが
形成されており、その社会のあり方も相互に大きく異なっていたと思われる。〜
縄文期の列島での人口分布では関東以北地域が優勢で西日本は
比較的国土利用が活発ではなかったとされている。
温暖化の進展で、むしろ現在の寒冷地域のほうが有利だったのか、
あるいは列島に住み着いた人類はどちらかといえば北東アジアから
マンモスを追って到着した人びとの末裔が主流を形成していたことを表すのか、
最近の日本人のDNA解析では後者の見方に傾きつつあるようだけれど、
これは今後の研究の成果を待たねばならない。期待したい。

で、本題の縄文期に利用され建築された住居の復元について。
〜当時の居住施設にはもっともポピュラーな
・竪穴住居　以外にも
・平地式住居（掘立柱建物）
・洞窟・岩陰住居（広島県・帝釈名越岩陰遺跡）
・屋内に石を敷き詰めたもの（神奈川県・子易大坪遺跡）
・壁で屋根を支えるもの（山形県押出遺跡）
・塀のように板材を巡らせるもの（岩手県・八天遺跡）〜
など、デザイン的にも構造的にも多様なスタイルが存在したとされる。
その地域での環境に整合的に順応し、そして建築を構成する素材も
その地域性を反映して選択されたことがわかる。
わたし的には「板材」を使っている八天遺跡に深く興味を持つ。
本当に板材なのか、確かだとすれば石斧で木材を割ったのか？
奇跡的工法開発と思えるが、これは自然発展かを確認したい。
また、子易大坪遺跡の床面に敷き込まれた石材にも深く驚く。
竪穴にプラスして床面を敷石とするのは「蓄熱性能」への着眼とも思える。
言うまでもなく年中安定した室内気候環境を獲得するのには合目的的。
ほぼ中央部からやや入口側に配置された「囲炉裏場」痕跡にも
そうした工夫を見ることができるだろう。
縄文の人びとも自然な知恵と工夫で、合理的で多彩な住宅に取り組んでいた。
Replan誌では「性能とデザイン」というスローガンを20年近く、
日本の住宅情報シーンで最初に打ち出したと思っているけれど
はるかな先人の取り組みに深く畏敬の念を抱かせられる。・・・

また、縄文時代の家族像・家屋での生活ぶりにも探究のメスが入れられている。
床面積から推定して5-7人程度が住んだとみられるひとつの住居には
核家族が居住し、周辺の複数の住居に３世代程度の家族集団が
まとまっていたと推定されるという。
きのう触れた、家族が集約的に埋葬された墓域（埋葬小群）の規模とも整合的。

縄文の人びとの住へのこだわり、
その工夫ぶりになんとも言えないシンパシー、ハンパない（笑）。

English version⬇

Jomon House “Performance and Design” 37,000 Years of the Japanese Archipelago – 23
Replan magazine describes the orientation of highly insulated houses as “performance and design. We deeply sympathize with the wisdom and ingenuity of our far Jomon predecessors. …

The National Museum of Japanese History’s exploration of the realities of Jomon society is very exciting.
The sharp edge of archaeological exploration drills, such as carbon dating, open up the darkness before the written record.
It has reached an interesting point beyond the level of conventional housing research.
A stimulating panel exhibit titled “Reconstructing Dwellings Around the World.
The theme of the exhibition coincides perfectly with my own life’s work.
The following commentary, “Settlements and Societies around the World,” is a prelude to this theme.
〜The way of settlements and cemeteries differed from place to place. For example, in the Chugoku region
In the Chugoku region, for example, settlements and cemeteries were small throughout the entire period, but in the Kanto region during the middle period, large-scale settlements were formed.
The social patterns of these regions were also very different from each other. ~.
In the Jomon period, population distribution in the archipelago was dominated by the area north of the Kanto region, while western Japan was relatively inactive in terms of land use, and the area north of the Kanto region was relatively small.
The Jomon period population distribution in the archipelago during the Jomon period was dominated by the Kanto region and northward, and western Japan was relatively inactive in land use.
With the advance of global warming, was the present cold region more advantageous?
Or perhaps the humans who settled in the archipelago came from northeast Asia, following the mammoths.
or that the human population that settled in the archipelago was mainly descended from people who arrived after the mammoths from Northeast Asia?
Recent DNA analysis of the Japanese population seems to be leaning toward the latter view.
We will have to wait for the results of future research. We must wait for the results of future research.

Now, to the main topic, the reconstruction of dwellings used and built during the Jomon period.
〜The most popular type of dwelling at that time was the pit dwelling.
In addition to pit dwellings
Plain dwellings (hottate-bashira)
Cave and rock dwellings (Teishaku-Nagoshi Iwa-in Site, Hiroshima Prefecture)
Stone-paved dwellings (Kanagawa Prefecture, Ziye Otsubo Site)
Roof supported by walls (Yamagata Prefecture, Extrusion Site)
A wall supporting a roof (Extrusion Site, Yamagata Prefecture), and a fence with planks (Yaten Site, Iwate Prefecture).
A variety of styles are said to have existed, both in terms of design and structure.
The materials used to construct the architecture were selected to reflect the local characteristics of the area.
The materials used to construct the buildings were selected to reflect the local characteristics of the region.
I am deeply interested in the Yaten site where “wooden planks” are used.
Is it really planks, and if so, were the planks split with a stone axe?
This seems to be a miraculous development of a construction method, but I would like to confirm whether this is a natural development.
I am also deeply surprised by the stone material laid on the floor of the Ziye Otsubo site.
The use of paving stones for the floor surface in addition to the pit seems to be an attempt to achieve “heat storage performance.
Needless to say, it is a purposeful way to obtain a stable indoor climatic environment throughout the year.
The traces of the “sunken hearth” located from the center of the building to the entrance can also be seen.
The Jomon people also had a natural wisdom.
The Jomon people also used their natural wisdom and ingenuity to create rational and versatile housing.
Replan magazine has been carrying the slogan “Performance and Design” for nearly 20 years.
I believe we were the first to launch the slogan “Performance and Design” in the Japanese housing information scene, but
I am in deep awe of the efforts of those who came before us. …

The Jomon family and the way of life in a house are also explored.
A single dwelling, which is estimated to have housed 5-7 people based on its floor space, was occupied by a nuclear family.
A nuclear family lived in one dwelling, which is estimated to have housed 5-7 people based on the floor space, and a family group of about 3 generations lived together in several surrounding dwellings.
The family is estimated to have been clustered in several surrounding dwellings.
This is consistent with the scale of the burial sites (burial sub-groups) where families were buried together, as mentioned yesterday.

The Jomon people’s commitment to housing and their ingenuity are indescribable.
I can’t help but feel an indescribable sympathy for the ingenuity of the Jomon people (laugh).

Posted on 11月 23rd, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 住宅マーケティング, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

人類というのはごく初期から「一夫一婦」制だったという説が強い。
分子古生物学者・更科功氏「人類は一夫一婦制に向いていないのか」より
以下はその要旨。
〜環境の乾燥化によって森林が縮小した。そのためある類人猿グループは、
木がまばらにしか生えていない疎林に住まざるを得なくなった。
疎林には食料が少ないので食料を探すため広い範囲を歩き回らなくてはならない。
それはとくに子育てをしているメスにとっては大問題だ。
食料が子の分まで必要なのに子連れでは食料を探し回ることが難しいからだ。
しかし、もしメスや子に（専用に）食料を運んでくれるオスがいれば、
この問題は解決する。子はちゃんと食事ができてすくすくと育つだろう。・・・
一夫一婦制であればどれが自分の子かオスにすぐにわかる。
自分の子に食料を運んでこれるので、他人の子より自分の子がすくすくと育つ。
育った子は自分に似ているので、メスや子に食料を運ぶオスに育つ可能性が高い。
こうして一夫一婦制の場合は食料を運ぶオスが進化することになる。
直立二足歩行をすれば、手でものを運ぶのに便利だろう。一夫一婦制になれば、
オス同士の争いが減るので犬歯が小さくなる。ヒトには発情期がないので
交尾できるメスとオスの数がほぼ同じになり、やはりオス同士の争いが減る。
こういう状況証拠がいくつもあって類人猿から分かれて人類が進化した理由を
説明する説として現在もっとも有力な説となっている。〜引用終わり。

人類史ではこの説が主流となっていることを知ってから、
「家と人間」というわたしのライフワークテーマに強いインパクト。
巨視的な視点からも「家と家族」というポイントに集中できた。
というか、人類進化と家づくりが直接結びつくことに深く気付かされた。
今回の国立歴史民俗博物館展示の大変革で先史、旧石器・縄文期が
最近の研究成果を反映して大いに充実したなかで、このテーマについても
興味深い展示構成が発見された。それが上の展示パネル群。
墓というのは死後の世界の住み処とも言えるだろうけれど、
とくに３番目のパネル展示では特定の遺伝傾向「前頭縫合」に着目して
特定の墓域での出現確率が500万分の１であることを証していた。
「同一の家系による墓域」と科学的・確率論的に証明されたというのだ。
現代人も死後にも家という概念を永続する墓制を取っている。
まことに科学研究の進歩は喜ばしい。

家族という概念は人類が進化していく最初期からのものであり、
それがあってはじめて進化があり得たと見なせることがら。
その場としての住宅には気付かないような文化痕跡が残っているのだろう。
家を見つめながら人間を見つめるということの原点について
こういう縄文のひとびととも対話が可能になっていく。

English version⬇

Human History “Monogamy and Family/Home” 37,000 Years of Japanese Archipelago – 21
Monogamy as a choice of monogamy from the beginning of human history, which is now known to the public. The family form of the Jomon period as seen in the tombs. Family and Home

It is strongly believed that human beings have been monogamous from the very beginning.
Isao Sarashina, molecular paleontologist　Is humanity unfit for monogamy
The following is a summary.
~The aridification of the environment has led to the shrinkage of forests. As a result, a group of apes were forced to live in sparse forests with only a few trees.
have been forced to live in sparsely forested areas where trees grow only sparsely.
Because food is scarce in sparse forests, they have to roam large areas in search of food.
This is a big problem, especially for females raising their young.
It is difficult for a female to search for food with her young when she needs food for her offspring as well.
However, if there is a male who can bring food (exclusively) to the female and her young
This problem is solved. The cubs would be well fed and grow up nicely. …
If monogamy is used, the male will know immediately which of his offspring is his.
Since he can bring food to his own offspring, his own offspring will grow up better than the offspring of others.
Since his own offspring will resemble him, they are more likely to grow up to be males that will bring food to the females and their offspring.
Thus, in the case of monogamy, a male carrying food will evolve.
If they walk upright and bipedal, it would be convenient for them to carry things by hand. Monogamy would
There would be less fighting between males, so the canines would be smaller. Since humans do not have a mating season
The number of females and males that can mate would be about the same, which would also reduce the number of male-male conflicts.
This circumstantial evidence is currently the most promising theory to explain why humans evolved from apes.
This is currently the most popular theory to explain why humans evolved by splitting off from apes. 〜End of quote.

After learning that this theory has become the dominant theory in human history
I have been strongly influenced by this theory in my life’s work, “House and Human Beings”.
From a macroscopic point of view, I was able to concentrate on the point of “home and family.
Or rather, I was deeply aware of the direct connection between human evolution and house building.
The prehistory, Paleolithic and Jomon periods in the National Museum of Japanese History exhibition underwent a major transformation this time.
The National Museum of Japanese History has been greatly enriched by the recent research results on prehistory, Paleolithic and Jomon period.
An interesting exhibition structure was found on this theme. The above panels are the most interesting ones.
The third panel in particular shows the tombs of certain geneticists.
The third panel in particular focuses on a specific genetic tendency
The third panel in particular focused on a particular genetic tendency and showed that the probability of its occurrence in a particular grave site was 1 in 5 million.
It was scientifically and probabilistically proven that the graves were of the same family lineage.
Modern humans also have a grave system that perpetuates the concept of family even after death.
This is truly a welcome advancement in scientific research.

The concept of family has existed since the beginning of human evolution.
It is only with the family that we can see that evolution was possible.
The house, as a place to live, probably retains traces of culture that we do not notice.
I would like to discuss the starting point of looking at people while looking at their homes.
It will be possible to have a dialogue with these Jomon people.

Posted on 11月 21st, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »