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【出雲王権か？１-2世紀日本海沿岸 日本列島37,000年史-42】



九州北部は日本列島のなかでは大陸・半島の文化流入の入口。
とはいえ、列島社会全体からすれば西のはずれに属する。
水田農耕がどんどんと東進していくことでその「適地」で人口増加が起こり
列島社会の中では多様な地域社会が形成されていった。
日本海側地域というのはそのなかでも有力な地域だったことで、
独自の地方勢力が力を持った存在になっていった。
「特徴ある墳墓と王」という国立歴史民俗博物館パネル説明では以下の記述。
〜島根東部・鳥取西部を中心に四隅が張り出した形の墳墓が広がり
北陸にも及んだ。京都・兵庫北部では丘陵を利用した方形の墳墓を築造。
やがて共有の墓の中から大型の墳丘と特殊な副葬品をもつ有力者が登場する。〜
そして「日本海沿岸の青銅器」パネル説明は以下。
〜後期（1-2世紀）日本海地域に北部九州の銅矛や近畿地方の銅鐸のような
地域特有の青銅器は登場しない。集団を対象とした青銅器の祭祀・儀礼より
個人を対象とした墳墓の儀礼を発達させた。〜
そして「青銅記紀の終焉」では
〜中期出雲には青銅器を多量に埋納した荒神谷遺跡などがあり、独自の形をした
銅剣があった。１世紀を境にこの豊かな青銅器の世界は姿を消した。〜
やはり「出雲王権」の状況が見て取れるように思える。
日本海側を東進した人口増加がひとつの集団意思に統合されていた、
そういった仮説は十分に成立するように思われる。
それらの勢力が年に１月ほど神無月に出雲に集まって集会を開き、
独自の連合的「国家」を形作っていたものが出雲王権の実質と想像できる。


「価値を持つ西方由来の器物」では〜日本海側沿岸の有力者は東西交易に関わり
ガラス製品や鉄製刀剣などの貴重な財を入手した。いずれも北部九州に由来し
他地域では限られていた財。この時期の日本海沿岸の先進性がみてとれる。〜
さらに「鉄が創る新たな価値」では〜鉄製品はそのものが持つ価値だけではなく
価値を持つあらたな器物を生み出す道具。水晶の玉、木器、緑色凝灰岩の玉、
などは鉄が創り出したあらたな物質価値だった。〜

列島社会での人口増加に伴って各地域に有力者が生まれて
それらの間で交易・交流が広がることで次第に「統一王権」という志向が
当然のように沸き立っていったことが容易に想像できる。
神武の一統は九州北部から瀬戸内海地域を進み、
岡山の吉備地域の有力層と強い同盟もしくは連携を得て
勇躍、大阪湾・難波地域に上陸を図ろうとしたと考えられる。
そういう東征が成功を収めて畿内地域に王権が樹立されたことで
出雲は「国譲り」して従ったという流れが自然だと思われますね。
このことは列島の支配構造・祭祀構造として環日本海型から
大和中心の集権型が勝利したという史実を表現しているのでしょうか。

English version⬇

The Izumo Kingdom: The Sea of Japan in the 1st and 2nd Centuries, 37,000 Years of Japanese Archipelago History-42
The eastward expansion of rice cultivation and agriculture created large population centers in various regions, starting in northern Kyushu. The Izumo Royalty Union was established in these areas. The Izumo Royalty Union was established in these areas.

Northern Kyushu is the gateway to the influx of continental and peninsular cultures in the Japanese archipelago.
Nevertheless, it belongs to the western edge of the archipelago’s society as a whole.
As paddy field agriculture moved eastward, the population grew in the “suitable” areas, and diverse local communities were formed within the archipelago society.
This led to the formation of various regional societies in the archipelago.
The Sea of Japan region was one of the most influential regions in the archipelago.
The Sea of Japan region was one of the most powerful regions in the archipelago, and its own local power became a powerful entity.
The National Museum of Japanese History’s panel “Characteristic Tombs and Kings” explains the following
〜The tombs with overhanging four corners spread mainly in eastern Shimane and western Tottori.
They also extended to the Hokuriku region. In Kyoto and northern Hyogo, square tombs were built on hillsides.
Eventually, among the shared tombs, influential figures with large burial mounds and special burial accessories appeared. ~.
And the “Bronze Artifacts from the Sea of Japan Coast” panel description is below.
〜In the late 2nd century, no region-specific bronze artifacts such as bronze pikes from northern Kyushu and bronze bells from the Kinki region appeared in the Sea of Japan region.
Bronze artifacts unique to the region do not appear in the Sea of Japan region. Bronze rituals and ceremonies are more important than group rituals and ceremonies.
The development of individual tomb rituals was more important than group rituals. ~.
And in “The End of the Bronze Chronicle
〜In the mid-1st century, Izumo had a large number of bronze artifacts buried at the Aragamitani site, including a uniquely shaped bronze sword.
After the 1st century, this rich world of bronze disappeared. ~.
The situation of the “Izumo Kingdom” can still be seen.
The population growth that moved eastward along the Sea of Japan was consolidated into a single collective will.
Such a hypothesis seems to be quite plausible.
These forces gathered in Izumo about one month a year during the kaminashi month, held a meeting, and formed their own federated “nation”.
The Izumo Kingdom was in fact a unique federated “nation.

In the “valuable vessels of western origin,” the leading figures of the coastal areas along the Sea of Japan were involved in trade between the east and west, and obtained valuable goods such as glassware and iron swords.
obtained valuable goods such as glassware and iron swords. All of them originated from northern Kyushu.
goods that were limited in other regions. The advanced nature of the Japan Sea coast during this period can be seen. 〜The “Iron and Steel” section of this report is a good example of this.
Furthermore, in “New Value Created by Iron,” the author explains that iron products not only have value in their own right, but also
Iron products were not only valuable in their own right, but they were also tools for creating new vessels with value. Crystal balls, wooden vessels, green tuff balls
were new material values created by iron. 〜The first time iron was used in the world was in the 1930s.

As the population of the archipelago grew, powerful people emerged in each region.
As trade and exchange expanded among them, the desire for a “united kingdom” gradually
It is easy to imagine that the desire for a “unified kingship” gradually rose as a natural result of the expansion of trade and exchange among them.
The Jinmu line advanced from northern Kyushu to the Seto Inland Sea region.
The Jinmu line advanced from northern Kyushu to the Seto Inland Sea region, where they formed a strong alliance or partnership with the powerful people of the Kibi region in Okayama.
The Kamimu line is thought to have made a brave attempt to land in Osaka Bay and the Namba area.
With the success of such an expedition and the establishment of a royal authority in the Kinai region
It seems natural that Izumo “handed over the kingdom” and followed suit.
Does this represent the historical fact that the Yamato-centered centralization type prevailed over the Japan Sea Rim type as the ruling and ritual structure of the archipelago?
Does this represent the historical fact that the Yamato-centered centralized system triumphed over the Japan Sea Rim system as the ruling structure and ritual structure of the archipelago?

Posted on 12月 13th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

【1世紀の半島地域「三韓」 とは？ 日本列島37,000年史-41】




古代の「国際関係」にとって非常に重要な半島地域。
日本列島社会にとってもっとも身近な地域として日本の王権の誕生に
大きな関わりを持っていたに違いないと思うけれど、
そうした関係論の解剖はあまり聞かない。
神武東征の時期が１世紀という説が強くなってくるとすれば
北部九州とこれらの地域との関係性は核心的だとも思える。
この時期の半島社会は、北に楽浪郡とその後その南方に置かれた帯方郡があり
半島南部地域は三韓といわれる時代になっていた。
〜三韓とは1世紀から4世紀にかけての朝鮮半島南部に存在した集団とその地域。
108年朝鮮半島南部に漢の武帝が楽浪郡以下の四郡を置き郡県制の支配を及ぼし、
韓民族もその直接間接の支配を受けた。さらに３世紀には遼東太守公孫氏によって
帯方郡が設けられると帯方郡は三韓さらに海を隔てた倭を含んだ
東アジアのキーステーションの役割を果たした。
●韓民族の国家形成
313年に楽浪郡、翌年帯方郡が北方に急成長した高句麗によって滅ぼされた結果
帯方郡の間接的統治を受けていた韓民族に自立の動きが強まった。
まず馬韓の50余国はその中の一つであった百済によって統合され、
辰韓の12余国は新羅によって統合された。
しかし弁韓の地は加羅など小国家分立が続き、
倭の大和政権も進出した。4世紀以降の朝鮮は三国時代といわれることになる。〜
大陸の独裁権力国家の消長の影響が大きく反映していた。

そういった国際情勢の中で神武は北部九州から東征し本州中部に王権を樹立。
このことは日本列島での「地政学」的には妥当性が高い動き。
しかし一方では半島−九州北部地域の方がはるかに先進地域。
白村江の海戦は西暦663年8月27日。これを沸騰点として
半島と列島の社会は非常に密接に関係して連動していたと思われる。
現代のわれわれは国家の存在を無意識の前提にして歴史を考えるけれど、
朝鮮半島の政治的緊張に対して海外派兵を決断するというのは
かなりの飛躍のある考え方だと思える。
それほどの半島南部社会との強い関係性があって決断したのだろう。
普通に考えれば、それはひとつの沸騰点であってむしろ日常的に
強い結びつきがあってその延長線上で派兵があったと考える方が自然。
また、白村江敗戦はちょうど戦後社会の大転換のような要素を
日本社会にもたらしたとも思える。
百済の臣民たちが大挙して列島に移動してきたことで王権が強化もされた。
祭政のレベルがそれを契機として一気に加速したことがわかる。

English version⬇

What was the “Three Hans” Peninsula Region in the 1st Century? The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 41]
During the period of 600 years between the Shinmu Expedition and the Battle of Hakuchon River in 663, the unified government of Japan was born and had a strong relationship with the peninsular society. …

The peninsula region is very important for “international relations” in ancient times.
It must have had a great deal to do with the birth of Japanese kingship as the region closest to the Japanese archipelago society.
I think it must have had a great deal to do with the birth of the Japanese kingship.
However, we do not hear much dissection of such a relationship.
If the theory of the first century is strengthened, the relationship between northern Kyushu and these regions is not so clear.
The relationship between northern Kyushu and these regions seems to be the core of the theory.
The society of the peninsula during this period consisted of Raknami-gun in the north and later Obihang-gun to the south of Raknami-gun.
The southern region of the peninsula was known as Sanhan.
〜The three Han are the groups and regions that existed in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula from the 1st to 4th centuries.
In 108, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established four counties under Naknang-gun in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and ruled it under the county and prefecture system.
The Han people were also ruled directly or indirectly by the Wudang. In the 3rd century, Gongsun, the governor of Liaodong
Bifang-gun was established by Gongsun, the governor of Liaodong in the 3rd century, and played the role of a key station in East Asia
The county played the role of a key station in East Asia, including the three Koreas and Japan, which was located across the sea.
Formation of the Han Nation
After the destruction of Yeoknam-gun in 313 and Obihang-gun the following year by the rapidly growing Goguryeo Dynasty in the north
The indirect rule of Bihang-gun led to a growing movement toward self-reliance among the Han people.
First, the 50-odd states of Mahan were united by Baekje, which was one of the 50-odd states of Mahan.
The 12 countries of the Jinhan region were united by Silla. However, the division of small states continued in Benhan, such as Kara, and the Yamato regime of Japan also moved in.
From the 4th century onward, Korea was known as the Three Kingdoms Period. 〜The fourth century onward, Joseon became known as the Three Kingdoms Period.
The influence of the dissipation of dictatorial powers on the continent was greatly reflected in the Joseon Dynasty.

In such an international situation, Jinmu conquered the east from northern Kyushu and established a royal authority in the central part of Honshu.
This was a highly appropriate move in terms of “geopolitics” in the Japanese archipelago.
On the other hand, however, the Peninsula – northern Kyushu region is a much more advanced region.
The Battle of Hakumura-jiang was on August 27, 663 AD. This was the boiling point.
Peninsular and archipelagic societies seem to have been very closely related and interlocked.
Today, we think of history based on the unconscious assumption of the existence of a nation.
But the decision to deploy troops overseas in response to political tensions on the Korean peninsula seems to me to be a considerable leap of faith.
It is quite a leap of faith.
The decision must have been based on such a strong relationship with the society in the southern part of the peninsula.
Normally, this would be a boiling point, but it is more likely that the decision was made because of the strong ties that exist between the two Koreas on a day-to-day basis.
It is more natural to think that there were strong ties between the two countries on a daily basis, and that the deployment of troops was an extension of those ties.
The defeat at the Hakuchon River also seems to have brought about a major social change in postwar Japan.
The defeat at Baekchonjiang brought about a major shift in Japanese society in the postwar period.
The large number of Baekje subjects who moved to the archipelago also strengthened the royal authority.
The level of ritual government was accelerated by this event.

Posted on 12月 12th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

【中国の「ゼロコロナ」政策全面敗北？】


本日は連載一時休止で、久しぶりに世界の動き・時事ネタを。
先般来中国で「白紙革命」という事象が出現していた。
過剰な「ゼロコロナ」政策に対して若者たちを中心に「PCRはいらない」
「習近平やめろ」「共産党やめろ」という声が上げられた。
IT技術を悪用するにいいだけ悪用して
全人民監視国家を作り上げ、終身独裁体制を作ったと思われた途端、
独裁政権に無辜の人びとがきわめて素朴な「民主主義」的な声を上げた。
世界中がハラハラして、天安門以来の大弾圧、恐怖が再来かと
身構えて注視していたけれど、現在までの情勢では習近平側の政策後退が
次々と露わになってきている。
中国から日本に亡命している石平氏の最新12/10youtube動画によると
「◇習政権、「ダブル敗戦」の大打撃
◇止まらない経済沈没、苦しいときの「日本頼み」か 」という解説。
その報道によると、習近平は自らの独裁強化の政策手段として
悪用していた「ゼロコロナ」政策への民の批判の声に対して一気に腰砕け。
自ら過ちを認めることなく、直接の担当者「中国国家衛生健康委員会」からの
政策転換「新十条」発表で公然と逃げ出しはじめている状況が解説されていた。
１　PCR定期検査の廃止
２　48時間以内のPCR陰性証明提示義務の廃止
３　自治体間移動の際のPCR陰性証明提示義務の廃止
など、ほぼ全面的な「ゼロコロナ政策」破綻の自己暴露。
氏の背景解説によれば、未曾有の経済危機が中国に迫っていることが
この政策転換の背景にあって、いかにもシリに火が付いた状態とされていた。
中国の経済指標は次々と悪化の様相を呈してきているとのこと。
世界各国からの資本逃避の動きが加速してきて
これまで居丈高に「中国市場に参入させてやる」態度で接していたのが
掌返ししてきている様子も伝えられていた。
困ったときには日本を再び利用しようという魂胆丸見えの姿勢とか。

歴史的に中国で繰り返されてきた政治動乱が再びなのか。
いまのところ、氏の解説がこの事実報道の嚆矢のようなので、
言われていることが本当に事実であるのかどうか、
他の報道なども慎重に見極めていく必要があると思われる。
これが事実であれば、世界に与えていく影響は大きいだろう。
ゼロコロナなどという不合理な政策は世界全体から放逐されていく。
一方で衛生管理・医療資源の脆弱な中国では感染拡大が広がる可能性もあり
そのことが世界経済にも大きな後退要因になる。
経済圏としてのアジア地域経済にとっても不安定化要因。
それは日本を直撃してくる可能性が高い。
しばらくは、こういう推移を注視する必要がありますね。
＜写真は奈良県の高鴨神社で本文とは無関係＞

English version⬇

China’s “Zero Corona” Policy Totally Defeated?
The dictatorship quickly crumbled in response to the blank check revolution of “no PCR,” “stop Xi Jinping,” and “stop the Communist Party” and abandoned the zero corona? …

Today, we take a pause in our series of articles on world developments and current events.
Recently in China, a “blank slate revolution” has emerged.
In response to the excessive “zero-corona” policy, people, especially young people, have been saying “No more PCRs,” “Stop Xi Jinping,” and “Stop the Communist Party.
The “zero-corona” policy was met with cries of “No more PCR,” “Stop Xi Jinping,” and “Stop the Communist Party.
Abuse IT technology as much as you want to abuse it.
Once it was thought that he had created a state of total surveillance of the people and a dictatorship for life, the
Once the dictatorship was thought to have been created, innocent people raised very simple “democratic” voices against the dictatorship.
The world was on edge, bracing itself for a return of the great repression and terror
But the situation to date has revealed a series of policy setbacks on the part of Xi Jinping.
However, the situation to date has revealed one policy setback after another on the part of Xi Jinping.
According to the latest youtube video on 12/10 by Mr. Shi Ping, who has been living in exile in Japan from China
The Xi administration has suffered a double defeat.
The video also explains that Xi Jinping’s administration has been suffering from a “double defeat,” and that he is “relying on Japan” in times of hardship.
According to the report, Xi Jinping has been using the “zero-corner” policy, which he has been abusing as a means of strengthening his dictatorship, as a policy measure.
The report states that Xi Jinping has been buckling under the criticism of the people for his “Zero Corona” policy, which he has been abusing as a means to strengthen his dictatorship.
Without admitting his own mistakes, Xi Jinping announced the “New Ten Articles,” a change in policy, from the “National Health and Medical Commission of China,” which is directly in charge of the policy.
The situation was explained as follows
1 Abolition of periodic PCR testing
2 Abolition of the obligation to present PCR negative proof within 48 hours
3 Abolition of the obligation to present PCR-negative proof when moving between municipalities
and so on, almost a total self-exposure of the collapse of the “zero-corona policy”.
According to his background explanation, the unprecedented economic crisis looming in China
The background of this policy shift was considered to be the state of fire in Siri.
China’s economic indicators have been deteriorating one after another, he said.
The flight of capital from countries around the world is accelerating.
The Chinese government, which had been taking a stout stance to “let them enter the Chinese market,” is now turning its back on them.
But it was also reported that they are now turning their back on the Chinese market.
They are now taking a “let them enter the Chinese market” attitude, but they are now turning their back on Japan when they are in trouble.

Is this the same political upheaval that has historically repeated itself in China?
So far, his commentary seems to be the pioneer of this factual reporting, so I wonder if what is being said is really true.
I will carefully watch other reports to see if what is being said is really true or not.
We will have to carefully examine other news reports to see if what is being said is really true.
If this is true, it will have a great impact on the world.
Irrational policies such as zero coronas will be thrown out of the entire world.
On the other hand, there is a possibility that the spread of infection will spread in China, where sanitation and medical resources are fragile, and this will be a major setback to the global economy.
This would also be a major setback for the global economy.
It is also a destabilizing factor for the economies of the Asian region as an economic zone.
It is highly likely that it will hit Japan directly.
We need to watch these developments closely for a while.

Posted on 12月 11th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 状況・政治への発言 | No Comments »

【国家創成＝経済発展と神武東征 日本列島37,000年史-40】




きのう皇學館大学・岡田登名誉教授の説をご紹介しました。
日本政治の初源期においての最大のポイントが「外交」であったという考え。
経済としての日本社会の発展は弥生の水田農耕が列島に拡散していったことで
その農耕最適地がどんどん東進していった。
九州南部は独特の土壌地質であって、水田農耕としては瀬戸内海地域から
さらに畿内地域、東海・北陸と経済社会拡大が進展していった。
アジアからの旺盛な移民流入もあったに違いない。
ことは食糧にかかわることなので当然人口爆発ということと同義だった。
そういう社会環境の進展の中で祭政として方向性を領導する支配層は
中国社会が国家を生成させることで発展の加速力を得ていることを
交渉・交易の過程で強烈に体験させられただろうと思う。
漢は鉄という産業の最重要ポイントを「国家管理」することで
社会発展をこれみよがしに周辺の社会に強く認識させていった。
漢字という共通コミュニケーション手段をも創造し、
社会コントロール方法としての「政治支配」構造をつくり出していた。
こういった「外圧」があったときに歴史年代の日本社会がどう対応したか。
直近では明治の開国、そして戦後の社会変動を見れば、
日本の選択というのは一択だった可能性がもっとも高い。
そういう「外圧」をむしろ積極的にテコにして社会進化を進める。
統一国家というものの強烈な「有用性」を目の当たりにすれば
それを積極的に導入し「学んで」咀嚼していくのが列島人社会の特質。
明治国家、戦後国家がたどったと同じ内容のことが最初期体験として
この段階で生起したと考える方がはるかに妥当だと思える。

日本社会でもその地理的な要素から農業発展には濃度の違いが生まれ
各地域で「八百万」の支配構造が自然に生成されていただろうけれど、
その各指導層としては経済で根幹的に重要な鉄の確保が
中国国家によって左右される現実の中で、それへの対応を常に迫られていた。
各地域間の覇権同士では競合関係もあっただろうし、
それらの「合従連衡」関係も進展していったに違いない。
出雲王権とはこういうゆるやかな連合関係の存在だったか。
そういうなかで「神武東征」という「日本」国家の起動要因が生成した。
こういった「大状況把握」がふさわしいとわたしには思えます。
そして「統一政権国家」というものの実効性を考えれば
対外的な文化導入地域としては北部九州が適地だとはいえ、
政権の列島支配のバランスを考えれば「東征」に蓋然性がある。
この時代の、そしてそれ以降の社会の構図として
畿内地域が中央政府所在地としてはもっとも妥当だったのだろう。
最終的に奈良平野地域が選択されたのには、独自の条件もあっただろう。
この要因分析とその後の社会発展に於いてこの選択が日本人と国家にとって
最適解であったかどうかは検証の余地があるだろう。
一方で奈良平野が選択されたことで生じた社会経済文化的な特異要因も
大いに検証されていく必要があると思う。こっちの方が興味深いか（笑）。

English version⬇

The Creation of a Nation = Economic Development and the Jimmu Expedition to the East 37,000 Years of the Japanese Archipelago – 40]
Eastward expansion of rice paddy farming throughout Japan. The economic and social development by the establishment of the Chinese state was seen on the side. The probability of the Jinmu expedition and the creation of a nation increased.

Yesterday I introduced a theory by Professor Emeritus Noboru Okada of Kōgakukan University.
He believes that diplomacy was the most important factor in the early period of Japanese politics.
The development of Japanese society as an economy was the result of the spread of Yayoi rice paddy farming across the archipelago.
The optimum land for agriculture moved eastward.
Southern Kyushu has a unique soil geology, and paddy field agriculture was developed in the Seto Inland Sea region, the Kinai region, the Tokai region, the Tokai region, and the Tokai and Tokai regions.
The economic and social expansion of the region continued to progress from the Seto Inland Sea region to the Kinai region, and then to the Tokai and Hokuriku regions.
There must have been a strong influx of immigrants from Asia.
The population explosion was naturally synonymous with the food shortage.
In such an evolving social environment, the ruling class, which guided the direction of the government as a ceremonial regime, had the responsibility to ensure that Chinese society would be able to generate a nation.
Chinese society was gaining an acceleration of development through the creation of the state.
The Han Dynasty was the most important industrial power in the iron industry, and it was the most important industry in China.
By “state controlling” the most important point of industry, iron, the Han
The Han Dynasty, by “state control” of the most important point of its iron industry, made the surrounding societies aware of its social development.
The Han also created a common means of communication in the form of Chinese characters
This was a way to control society and create a structure of “political domination”.
How did Japanese society in the historical period respond to such “external pressure”?
Looking at the most recent period, the opening of Japan to the outside world in the Meiji era, and the social changes that occurred after the war, it is clear that Japan had only one choice.
It is most likely that Japan had only one choice.
Japan’s social evolution was driven by such “external pressure” rather than by its own positive leverage.
If we see the strong “usefulness” of a unified nation, we will actively introduce and “learn” it.
The characteristic of the archipelagic societies is that they actively introduce, “learn,” and chew it up.
It is much more likely that the same thing that happened to the Meiji and postwar nations
It is far more plausible to think that the same thing that happened to the Meiji and postwar states occurred at this stage of their initial experience.

Even in Japanese society, the geographical factors created differences in the concentration of agricultural development.
The “eight million” ruling structure would have been naturally generated in each region, but the leaders would have been more concerned with the economy.
However, the reality is that the Chinese state is in charge of securing iron, which is fundamentally important for the economy.
The leaders of each of these regions had to deal with the reality that the Chinese nation was in control of the availability of iron, which was fundamentally important to their economies.
There may have been competition among regional hegemons.
The Izumo kingdom was not a loose, united entity, but a “combination” of the two.
The Izumo royalty may have existed in such a loose federative relationship.
It was in such a situation that the “Jimmu expedition” was the starting factor of the “Japanese” state.
I believe that this kind of “grasp of the larger situation” is appropriate.
And if we consider the effectiveness of the “unified government state
Although northern Kyushu was the best place to introduce Japanese culture to the outside world, it was not the best place to introduce Japanese culture to the Japanese people.
However, the balance of the regime’s control over the archipelago makes the “Eastern Expedition” more probable.
The composition of society in this period and beyond
The Kinai region was probably the most appropriate location for the central government.
The final choice of the Nara Plain region may have had its own unique conditions.
In analyzing these factors and the subsequent social development, it is important to examine whether this choice was the optimal solution for the Japanese people and the nation.
There is room to verify whether this choice was the best solution for the Japanese people and the nation in the analysis of these factors and the subsequent development of society.
On the other hand, the socioeconomic and cultural peculiarities that resulted from the selection of the Nara Plain also need to be examined.
I think it is necessary to examine the socioeconomic and cultural peculiarities that resulted from the selection of the Nara Plain. This is more interesting (laugh).

Posted on 12月 10th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

【辛酉思想と対中外交「日本」創生 日本列島37,000年史-39】





邪馬台国論争、日本王権の古代史ではさまざまな研究がされているけれど、
いまだに「通説」と言われる決定打は出てこない。
とくに古事記・日本書紀の記述で歴代天皇の在位年が人間の体力常識を越えて
異常な高齢生存と記述されているので「神話」とされてきたことが
大きな要素になっているのだと思います。実はこの点について最近、
皇學館大学名誉教授の岡田登氏の解説に感銘を受けました。
歴史作家で直木賞作家の安部龍太郎氏は好きな作家なのですが、
かれが２年前に小学館から出版した「日本はこうしてつくられた:
大和を都に選んだ古代王権の謎」という本の中でこの岡田氏の説が紹介されていた。
〜９代までの天皇の在位年の異常な長さの原因は国家創成期の対外関係、
日本国家を認定させるための唐王朝との外交折衝の結果だという。
唐側には皇帝は「辛酉」の年に天命を受けて国家を創設する思想があって
それに合わせるには、本来１世紀はじめ頃と推認される初代神武天皇が
その思想に合致させるために紀元前660年に即位したことになった。〜
※辛酉というのは西暦年を60で割って1が余る年。革命要素があるとされる。

第10代の崇神天皇について考古的に「纏向遷都」が事実とされてきている。
以降の天皇の在位記録については合理性があるとされているので、
この説に強く惹かれた次第です。
結果、神武東征は１世紀初頭という説が常識的な判断となる。
そしてもうひとつ、日本の国家創生には東アジア、とくに中国王権との
強い緊張関係が非常に重要な要素だったというポイント。
われわれ現代人は、国家は当然の存在という常識バイアスが強いけれど、
言うまでもなく創成期にはそういうバイアスはない。
もっと直接的な「脅威」が存在していたという方が必然性が高い。
国立歴史民俗博物館での展示では、こういう事情を背景説明するように
この時期の中国王権・漢の社会について確証に基づいた解説。
わが国の寺院建築などでよくみられる「四神」イデオロギーが一般化している。
そして「漢字」という文字の体系によって政府の記録が保存され
その文書として「木簡」形式とそれを緊結させる製本方法までが誕生している。
秦の時代からの社会の全把握システムが成熟をみせてきている。
鉄という経済推進力、政治システムの発展進化。
軍事的な脅威という以上に根底的な「危機意識」が日本の支配層に
急速に拡大していったことは体感的に理解できる。
その危機意識が神武という存在に凝集し「東征」を成功させたのではないか。
各地に生成されていた古代地域権力にとってもこの危機認識が共有されていた。
奈良盆地での日本国家生成のリアリティを強く感じる。

English version⬇

The State Society of the Han Dynasty in China in the 1st and 2nd Centuries. 37,000 Years of Japanese Archipelago History-39
The year of Jinmu’s accession to the throne was set in accordance with the idea that heavenly destiny would be revolutionized in the year of the rooster. Responded to the description with diplomatic pressure. Shared recognition of the necessity of a unified archipelago nation. ・・・・・・.

Although various studies have been conducted on the controversy of the “evil kingdom” and the ancient history of Japanese kingship, no definitive “common theory” has yet emerged.
However, there is still no definitive “common theory” that has emerged.
In particular, the reigning years of emperors in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki are described as abnormally old, beyond the common sense of human physical strength, so it has been described as a “myth.
The fact that the reigns of emperors in the Kojiki and Nihonshoki are considered “myths” is a major factor in this.
I think this is a major factor. In fact, I have recently read a book on this point by
I was impressed by the commentary of Noboru Okada, professor emeritus at Kōgakukan University, who is a history writer and Naoki Prize-winning author.
Ryutaro Abe, a Naoki Prize-winning historical writer, is one of my favorite authors.
He published a book titled “This is How Japan Was Created” two years ago from Shogakukan:
In his book “How Japan Was Created: The Mystery of the Ancient Kingship that Chose Yamato as Its Capital,” published by Shogakukan two years ago, Okada’s theory was introduced.
〜The reason for the unusual length of the reign of emperors from the first to the ninth emperor was foreign relations during the founding period of the nation, and
The reason for the unusual length of the reign of the first nine emperors was the result of diplomatic negotiations with the Tang Dynasty to have the Japanese nation recognized as a state.
The Tang Dynasty had the idea that an emperor was to receive a heavenly command and establish a state in the year of the “Xin-Yu” (the year of the rooster).
In order to conform to this, the first Emperor Jinmu, who is estimated to have been around the beginning of the 1st century, was appointed as the first emperor of the Tang Dynasty.
To match this idea, the first Emperor Jinmu, who is estimated to have ascended the throne in the early 1st century B.C., was supposed to have ascended the throne in 660 B.C. ~.
*Hin-Yu is the year in which the Western year is divided by 60 and one is left over. It is said to have revolutionary elements.

It has been archaeologically accepted as a fact that the 10th Emperor Sojin was the first to reign.
Since it is considered reasonable for the reign records of subsequent emperors
I was strongly attracted to this theory.
As a result, the theory that the Jinmu expedition took place in the early 1st century is a common-sense decision.
And one more thing, the strong tension with East Asia, especially with the Chinese royalty, was a very important element in the creation of the Japanese nation.
The other point is that strong tension with East Asia, especially with the Chinese royalty, was a very important factor in the creation of the Japanese state.
We modern people have a strong common sense bias that a nation is a natural entity, but it goes without saying that such a bias existed in the early days of the nation.
However, it goes without saying that we do not have such a bias in the early days of Japan.
It is more inevitable that a more direct “threat” existed.
In the exhibition at the National Museum of Japanese History, as if to explain the background of this situation
The exhibition at the National Museum of Japanese History provides an explanation of Chinese royalty and Han Chinese society during this period, based on evidence.
The “Four Gods” ideology, which is often seen in temple architecture in Japan, has become common.
The Chinese writing system of “Chinese characters” was used to keep government records.
The “wooden letter” format and the bookbinding method to bind them together were born as documents.
The entire system of grasping society that had existed since the Qin Dynasty had reached maturity.
The economic driving force of iron, and the development and evolution of the political system.
The rapid expansion of the Japanese ruling class’s sense of crisis, which was more fundamental than a military threat, was a result of the rapid expansion of their sense of understanding.
This sense of crisis was manifested in the existence of the Jinmu.
This sense of crisis may have coalesced in the presence of Jinmu, who successfully led the “Eastern Expedition” to Japan.
This sense of crisis was also shared by the ancient regional powers that had been established in various regions.
I strongly feel the reality of the formation of the Japanese nation in the Nara Basin.

Posted on 12月 9th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

【日本国家創成期の国際関係 日本列島37,000年史-38】




さていよいよ日本列島に国家というものが生成される歴史過程になる。
邪馬台国論争とか、古代史最大のナゾという領域なので
国立歴史民俗博物館展示でも総じて抑制的でしたが、しかし、
その後の社会変化にとって決定的でもある。避けて通るわけにも行きません。
観察者としての個人的見解ということでご理解いただければ幸い。
できるだけ客観的な事象に絞って稿を進めてみたい。

中国では秦の成立以降、中央集権的な「中華皇帝」国家が出現する。
それ以前の書物でもいくつかの「倭国」に触れた記述があるとされるけれど、
いわゆる「正史」で記述されるのは、漢の時代になる。
中国では王朝の交代ごとに前代の正史が書かれる。
前漢（紀元前206年-8年）と後漢（25年-220年）が「漢王朝」の時代。
初出は「漢書地理志」で成立は紀元後84年とされる。
班固という人物が書き前漢時代から後漢の初期のことを述べている。
1.東の海に倭人の住む島がある。倭人の国は百ケ国以上に分かれている。
2.定期的に漢に倭の国々の王の使いがやって来て、貢ぎ物を持ってくる。
もうひとつが「後漢書東夷伝」で成立は紀元後432年。
范曄という人物記述のこの後漢の歴史書では以下の通りの記載。
1.西暦57年に倭の奴国王が貢物。日本は小国分立中。奴国は日本の最南端と。
後漢の皇帝である光武帝は金印を与えた。奴国王であることを認証。
2.永初元年（107年）倭国王帥升等、生口160人を献じ、請見を願う。
成立年代に即して整理するとこういう記録があることになる。

この時代、漢は朝鮮半島いまの平壌周辺に「楽浪郡」を置いた。
巨大集権国家が日本列島の近くに権力拠点を作ったことが、
半島地域を介して日本列島社会にも激震をもたらせたと想像できる。
すでに弥生の水田農耕社会が広がっていた列島社会、
日常的な戦争行為が繰り返されていた「倭国乱れる」状況の中で
それぞれの族長層にとって、この巨大武権国家の成立、
その地方政庁・郡がすぐ近隣に出現したことが、
どれほどの外交的緊張事態であったか、火を見るよりもあきらか。
その状況の中で自分の利益追求を図るのが自然。
結果、周囲のクニに対してこの状況を利用して優越性を持とうとも考える。
たぶん、楽浪郡の以東地域、朝鮮半島社会では激震となり日本列島社会でも
このような動揺は普遍的に起こった。
なんといっても最先端文明利器としての鉄を独占的に管理している強国。

経済的にも軍事的にもその関係が地域での力関係に影響を持ったことは自明。
朝貢関係というアジア世界で一般的な国家生成過程が始まった。
このことが、日本列島の祭政にとってかなり決定的な要因になっていく。
朝貢体制に翼賛する方向もあり、一方で地域社会の求心性が高まりもする。
ただし、朝鮮半島社会も基本的にはそうであったように、
日本社会は後者の方向に向かっていったと言えるのでしょう。
中国国家に対しては独立性の高い民族自決の方向を基本的に選択した。
この楽浪郡との関係が動機として強かったように思える。

English version⬇

International Relations at the Founding of the Japanese Nation: The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 38
The emergence of the Han Dynasty’s ruling body called Yeoknam-gun in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula caused an upheaval in the society of the peninsula. The Kuni society of the Japanese archipelago is also hit by the upheaval.

Now comes the historical process of the creation of a nation in the Japanese archipelago.
Since this is an area of the greatest riddle in ancient history, such as the “Yabataikoku” controversy, the National Museum of Japanese History exhibition was generally restrained.
The National Museum of Japanese History exhibition was generally restrained, but it is, however, also decisive for the social changes that have taken place since then.
However, it is also decisive for the social changes that have occurred since then. We cannot avoid it.
I hope you will understand that this is my personal view as an observer.
I would like to focus on objective events as much as possible.

After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, a centralized “Chinese emperor” state emerged in China.
Although there are some descriptions of “Yamato” in books written before the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, there are no descriptions in the so-called “authentic history” of Japan.
However, it was not until the Han dynasty that the so-called “authentic history” of Japan was written.
In China, an official history of the previous dynasty is written for each dynastic change.
The Former Han Dynasty (206-8 B.C.) and the Later Han Dynasty (25-220 B.C.) were the periods of the “Han Dynasty.
The first edition of the “Han Book of Geography” is said to have been written in 84 A.D.
It was written by a man named Hanguo, and describes the period from the Former Han Dynasty to the early years of the Later Han Dynasty.
There is an island in the eastern sea where the Japanese live. The Japanese nation is divided into more than a hundred countries.
2. Periodically, envoys of the kings of the Japanese nations would come to Han to bring tribute.
The other is the “Later Han Book of Oriental and Barbarian Biography,” which was established in 432 AD.
In this history book of the Later Han Dynasty, written by a man named Fan Ye, the following is described.
In 57 A.D., King Nukoku of Japan paid tribute. Japan was in the process of dividing into smaller countries. Nukoku is the southernmost part of Japan.
Emperor Kwangmu, the emperor of the Later Han Dynasty, gave a gold seal Authenticating that he was the King of Nukuni.
In the first year of Eishu (107th year), the king of Nukoku, Marshal Masu, presented 160 people and asked for their cooperation.
The records of this period are as follows.

In this period, the Han Dynasty established “Yeoknam-gun” in the vicinity of what is now Pyongyang on the Korean peninsula.
The fact that a large centralized state established a base of power near the Japanese archipelago is a clear indication that the Han Dynasty had a strong influence on Japanese society through the peninsula region.
The establishment of a power base near the Japanese archipelago by a large centralized state can be imagined to have sent tremors through the peninsula to the society of the Japanese archipelago.
The Yayoi paddy-field farming society had already spread across the archipelago.
In the midst of the “Japanese Warring States” situation, in which daily acts of war were being repeated, it is not difficult to imagine the impact of this huge earthquake on the local society.
The establishment of this huge military power state, and its local government offices and counties
The fact that the local government offices and counties of the state appeared in the immediate vicinity was a source of great diplomatic tension.
It is obvious how much diplomatic tension there was for each of the chiefs.
Under such circumstances, it was natural for them to pursue their own interests.
As a result, they also wanted to take advantage of the situation to gain superiority over the surrounding kunis.
Perhaps, such an upheaval, which has become a major shock in the Korean Peninsula and society east of Yerelam-gun, will also be felt in the Japanese archipelago.
Such upheavals occurred universally in the Japanese archipelago.
After all, this is a powerful country that exclusively controls iron as the most advanced civilized weapon.

It is obvious that the relationship had an impact on power relations in the region, both economically and militarily.
The tribute relationship, a state-generating process common in the Asian world, began.
This would become a fairly decisive factor for the ritual government of the Japanese archipelago.
There was a winging of the tribute system, and on the other hand, the centripetal force of the local community increased.
However, as was basically the case with Korean society
Japanese society could be said to have moved in the latter direction.
It basically chose the direction of national self-determination with a high degree of independence vis-à-vis the Chinese nation.
This relationship with Rakunami-gun seems to have been a strong motive.

Posted on 12月 8th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

【沖縄の貝塚文化と農耕・戦争社会 日本列島37,000年史-37】




さて国立歴史民俗博物館の先史時代から国家創成期までの展示の
大更新に突き動かされ、それを学び日本史を再学習する意味のブログシリーズ、
「日本列島37,000年史」ですが、明日からは次の国家創成期に移りたい。
考古発見事実に基づいた歴史の再構築と思えて、突き動かされてきました。
そういう意味では以降は文献資料も多くなってくる時代なので
最大の興味分野になってくるでしょう。
・・・というところですが、先日北海道島の異質な状況についても触れた。
独自の文化スタイルを維持した様子は北海道人なので学習もしています。
いろいろな遺跡などにも足を運んでまざまざと実感がある。
一方で、沖縄についてはあんまり考古を知らない。
一応、那覇の博物館などは見学しているけれどあんまりピンとこなかった。
グスク時代（12-16世紀頃）以前の社会の実相はどうも不明。
沖縄では稲作の弥生時代はなくその時代は主に漁撈中心の生業が考えられている。
そのために貝塚時代後期、あるいは弥生・古墳並行時代と呼ばれる。
代表的な貝塚遺跡といわれる沖縄県うるま市「宇堅貝塚」ではゴホウラ製貝輪2点、
イモガイ製貝輪6点、方格規矩鏡破片3点などが出土。
ほかにガラス玉、板状鉄斧、砥石、弥生後期土器などが出土している。
しかし社会の実相研究が進んでいるとは言い切れない。国立歴史民俗博物館や、
沖縄県立博物館の研究成果などに今後期待していきたいところ。

で、国立歴史民俗博物館展示では上のようなイメージが創作されていた。
沖縄や奄美地域では珊瑚礁地形環境に適応した「貝塚文化」とまとめられている。
いかにも海人族的なライフスタイルと言えるでしょうか。
なので結果としては貝類などを採集して肉身を食したあと、
その貝殻を一定加工して本土に「交易品」として提供し、
対価としてコメや鉄器などの有用物資を獲得するライフスタイル。
環境要件は違いがあるけれど北海道の「続縄文」と似た生業なのでしょうか。
北海道では「農耕」は明治期まで本格的には開始しなかった。
その結果、政治権力のようなものも「部族」的な首長制がみられる程度。
それに対して沖縄ではグスク期が12-15世紀にははじまり、そこで
農耕が普遍化開始した途端にグスク（城郭）と政治・戦争、軍事が世を覆う。
やはり農耕が政治とか権力とかの基盤であることを端的に表している。

さて農耕は現代までの人口増加をもたらしたけれど、ネクスト社会は
この増加した人口を維持し続けていけるのかどうか。
農耕とは人類の巨視的な地球気候対応だとすれば、逆に農耕が成立しにくい環境が
今後生起する可能性もあるのだとも思う。
また世界はむしろ社会的原因で人口減少局面を迎えてきているとも思う。
「地球の意思」は人類をどうしようとしているのでしょうか？
・・・これで弥生の世は終了し、いよいよ日本国家創成期へ。

English version⬇

Okinawa’s Shell Mound Culture, Agriculture, and War Society 37,000 Years of Japanese History-37
Okinawa began agriculture around the 12th century. Okinawa began agriculture around the 12th century and entered the age of warring gusuku. Proof that agriculture was the foundation of politics, war, and power. …

Now, the National Museum of Japanese History and Folklore’s exhibition from the prehistoric age to the founding of the nation
I was motivated by the great renewal of the National Museum of Japanese History’s exhibition from the prehistoric age to the period of the nation’s founding.
Tomorrow, I would like to move on to the next topic, the period of the founding of the nation.
I have been motivated by the idea of reconstructing history based on archaeological findings.
In that sense, it’s a period that will have a lot of literary materials from then on.
This will be my greatest field of interest.
I mentioned the other day the heterogeneous situation of the island of Hokkaido.
I am also learning about how they maintained their own unique cultural style because I am a Hokkaido native.
I have visited various archaeological sites and have a vivid sense of it.
On the other hand, I do not know much about the archaeology of Okinawa.
I have visited a museum in Naha, but it didn’t really hit me.
The reality of the society before the Gusuku period (12th to 16th century) is still unclear.
In Okinawa, there was no Yayoi period when rice was cultivated, and the main occupation during that period is thought to have been fishing.
For this reason, it is called the late shell mound period or the parallel Yayoi and Kofun periods.
Uken Shell Mound in Uruma City, Okinawa Prefecture, which is said to be a representative shell mound site, has two gohora shell rings and six mussel shell rings.
At Uken Shell Mound in Uruma City, Okinawa Prefecture, two gohora shell rings, six mussel shell rings, and three pieces of square rectangular mirrors have been excavated.
In addition, glass beads, plate iron axes, whetstones, and pottery from the late Yayoi period have also been excavated.
However, it cannot be said that research on the actual state of society has progressed. The National Museum of Japanese History and Folklore, the Okinawa Prefectural Museum, and other museums have conducted research on the actual state of society.
The National Museum of Japanese History and Okinawa Prefectural Museum’s research results will be expected in the future.

In the National Museum of Japanese History exhibition, the above image was created.
In the Okinawa and Amami areas, it is summarized as “shell mound culture” adapted to the coral reef topography environment.
How can we say that this is a very sea people lifestyle?
So, as a result, after gathering shellfish and other animals and eating their flesh.
After gathering shellfish and eating the meat, the shells were processed and offered to the mainland as “trade goods” in exchange for rice and ironware.
In exchange, they acquired useful commodities such as rice and ironware.
Although there are differences in environmental requirements, is this lifestyle similar to that of the “Sequel to Jomon” in Hokkaido?
In Hokkaido, “agriculture” did not begin in earnest until the Meiji period.
As a result, political power was limited to a “tribal” chief system.
In Okinawa, on the other hand, the Gusuku period began in the 12th-15th century, and it was there that agriculture began to become universal.
As soon as agriculture became universalized, gusuku (castles), politics, war, and military affairs dominated the world.
This is a clear indication that agriculture is the foundation of politics and power.

Agriculture has brought about population growth up to the present day, but the next society must be able to sustain this increase in population.
Can the next society sustain this increase in population?
If agriculture is mankind’s macroscopic response to the global climate, there is a possibility that an environment will arise in the future that will make it difficult for agriculture to be established.
If agriculture is a macroscopic response to the global climate, there is a possibility that an environment will arise in the future that will make it difficult for agriculture to take root.
I also believe that the world is entering a phase of population decline due to social causes.
What does the “will of the earth” have in store for mankind?
…With this, the Yayoi period has come to an end, and we are finally entering the period of the creation of the Japanese nation.

Posted on 12月 7th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

【弥生期の死と墳墓 日本列島37,000年史-36】





きのう見たように鉄という産業革命が弥生の世を決定づけたものだろう。
中国大陸で開発された製鉄技術が最初はその製品・利器が直接導入され
その後、製鉄原料が輸入されて現場で「鍛冶」加工された。
集団労働が基本である水田農耕においてはこの鉄器管理が最重要で
そこに支配という権力構造の高度化の根源的意味があった。
吉野ヶ里遺跡にその痕跡があるとされ、はるか後年の飛鳥宮でも
鍛冶工房跡が王権中枢の数百メートル範囲で発掘されている。
このことがその後の「日本史」の基軸的な動因と思える。

さてそういう社会の中で、先人たちの多くの死が積層していった。
弥生社会は紀元前10世紀ころから成立し近畿で「前方後円墳」が成立するまで
およそ1200年間、各地でさまざまな墓が作られた。
ひとの死はその時代相を表しひとびとの祈りの本質もうかがえる。
古い時代順に、全国の発掘例を上げてみたい。
●支石墓＜紀元前8-紀元前4世紀〜福岡県志登支石墓群＞
朝鮮半島南部系で1m四方の卓状の平石をテーブル脚状の石で支える墓。
福岡西部、佐賀、長崎、熊本に限って分布する。
●渡来人の墓＜紀元前６−紀元前1世紀〜山口県土井ヶ浜遺跡＞
砂丘上に営まれた集団墓地。縄文人より高身長の人びとが葬られていたことから
朝鮮半島から渡ってきた「渡来人」説の根拠となった。
●方形周溝墓＜紀元前３世紀〜大阪府瓜生堂遺跡＞
朝鮮半島南部系で方形に溝を掘り内側に盛り土を1m以上遣っている珍しいカタチ。
１辺が10-20mの方形を呈している。
●大型墳丘墓＜紀元前３世紀〜大阪府加美遺跡＞
26×15m、高さ3mと大型で墳丘内から23基の木棺が確認された。成人14基と
小児9基が見つかり、豊かな副葬品を持っていた。
●再葬墓＜紀元前３世紀〜茨城県泉坂下遺跡＞
遺体を骨にしてその一部を壷などに収めた墓。縄文系で関東、福島・新潟などに
分布する。水田農耕が始まると激減する。
●方形周溝墓＜紀元前2世紀〜紀元前1世紀〜神奈川県歳勝土遺跡＞
隣接の大塚遺跡と80mほど離れて墓道で繋がっていた。25基ほどが
見つかっているがもともと30基ほどあったと考えられている。
●甕棺墓＜紀元前1世紀〜福岡県立岩遺跡＞
棺専用に作られた高さ70cm以上の壷や甕で福岡、佐賀、長崎、熊本、大分、
鹿児島の一部に分布する。紀元前６世紀から紀元後３世紀まで作られる。

列島社会というものが在来の縄文系の人びとと
水田稲作とともに「東アジアのフロンティア」として移住してきた人びとの
混淆というカタチで社会形成されてきた様子がしずかに伝わってくる。
やがて墓制は古墳時代から仏教の導入という局面に進んでいく。
古墳とは権力者の象徴でありその後の寺院建築と対比されるもの。
そうするとこれらの墳墓のカタチとは建築的志向の基層ともいえる。
先人の思いを知ることは自分を知ることと同義なのだろう。合掌。

English version⬇

Death and Tombs in the Yayoi Period: The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 36
The tombs are silent time capsules of the state of society. The tombs are a quiet time capsule of the state of society, from which the way of life of our ancestors and their way of living naturally emerge. The Tomb of the Dead

As we saw yesterday, the industrial revolution in the form of iron was probably the defining factor in the Yayoi period.
Iron manufacturing technology developed in mainland China was first introduced directly into Japan.
Later, ironmaking materials were imported and “forged” on site.
In rice paddy farming, which is based on collective labor, the management of iron tools was of paramount importance.
This was the fundamental meaning of the advancement of the power structure of domination.
It is said that there are traces of the ironworking at the Yoshinogari site, and even at the Asuka Palace, which was built much later, traces of ironworking have been found.
The remains of a blacksmith workshop have been excavated within a few hundred meters of the center of royal authority.
This seems to have been the key factor in the subsequent “history of Japan.

In such a society, the deaths of many of its predecessors were layered on top of each other.
The Yayoi society was established around the 10th century B.C., and for about 1,200 years, various graves were excavated in various locations until the “front-recessed circular mounds” were established in the Kinki region.
Various tombs were built in various places for approximately 1,200 years until the “front-recessed circle burial mounds” were established in the Kinki region.
The death of a person represents the phase of the time, and the nature of people’s prayers can also be seen.
The following are examples of tombs excavated throughout Japan in chronological order.
Stone Tomb <8th century B.C.-4th century B.C.E.> Shido Stone Tomb Group, Fukuoka Prefecture
A 1m square table-shaped flat stone supported by table-leg stones.
They are found only in western Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, and Kumamoto.
Tomb of a visitor to Japan <6th century B.C.-1st century B.C.E.> Doigahama site, Yamaguchi Prefecture
A mass grave constructed on a sand dune. The fact that people taller than the Jomon were buried here suggests that they were “migrant” people from the Korean Peninsula.
The fact that people taller than the Jomon people were buried in these graves has become the basis for the theory that these people came to Japan from the Korean Peninsula.
Square ditch tombs (3rd century B.C.E. – Uryudo site, Osaka Prefecture)
This is an unusual shape of a tomb from the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, in which a square trench was dug and a fill of more than 1 m was placed inside the trench.
It is a square with one side measuring 10 to 20 meters.
Large mound tomb <3rd century B.C.E. – Kami Site, Osaka Prefecture
The mound is large, measuring 26 x 15 m and 3 m high. 23 wooden coffins were found in the mound. Fourteen adult coffins and nine child coffins were found.
The coffins were found to be rich in burial accessories.
Reburial Tomb <3rd century BC – Izumisakashita site, Ibaraki Prefecture>.
A grave in which the remains of a deceased person were reduced to bones and a portion of the bones were placed in an urn or other container. Jomon type, distributed in the Kanto region, Fukushima, Niigata, and other areas.
The graves were distributed in the Kanto region, Fukushima, Niigata, and other areas. The number of these tombs decreased drastically when rice paddy farming began.
Square ditch tombs (2nd century B.C.-1st century B.C.-Toshikatsuchi site, Kanagawa Prefecture)
About 25 graves were found, but it is thought that there were originally about 30.
It is thought that there were originally about 30 of these tombs.
Jar coffin tomb (1st century B.C. – Tateiwa site, Fukuoka Prefecture)
These are jars or pots more than 70 cm high made exclusively for coffins and are found in Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, and Kagoshima.
They are distributed in Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, and Kagoshima. They were made from the 6th century BC to the 3rd century AD.

The archipelago’s society is a combination of the native Jomon people
and those who migrated to the archipelago as the “frontier of East Asia” with rice cultivation in the paddy fields.
The mixture of native Jomon people and those who migrated to the archipelago as “the frontier of East Asia” along with paddy rice cultivation is quietly conveyed.
Eventually, the tomb system progressed from the Kofun period to the introduction of Buddhism.
Kofun tombs are symbols of power and are contrasted with the architecture of temples that followed.
In this sense, the shape of these tombs can be seen as an expression of architectural orientation.
Knowing the thoughts of our ancestors is probably synonymous with knowing ourselves. I bow my head in prayer.

Posted on 12月 6th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

【農の中核素材＝鉄は国家なりか？ 日本列島37,000年史-35】




以下は、島根県雲南市の「海を渡ってきた「鉄」の話」より要旨。
〜世界で初めて鉄が作られたのは3800～4000年前の西アジアが有力。
一方中国で鉄が作られたのは3400年前ごろ。日本はまだ縄文時代の後期後半。
中国でも鉄の始まりは宇宙からの落下隕鉄(鉄隕石)を利用したという。
このころ中国ではすでに鋳銅技術が開発され金属器といえば青銅器が主流。
鉄はとても貴重なものだった。やがて中国では世界に先がけて銑鉄が作られ
この銑鉄を鋳型に流し込んだ鋳造鉄器とよばれる鋳物鉄製品が作られた。
この銑鉄は鉄中に炭素を多く含むので非常に硬い半面、衝撃には脆い性質があり、
刃物などの利器には適さなかった。しかし鉄中の炭素を減じる技術が開発され、
粘りのある鉄が鋳造鉄器刃部に利用されるようになった。
日本の弥生時代中期ごろには鉄製の鉄斧破片などが北部九州日本に運ばれ、
再利用された。石道具で山野開拓した弥生人は鉄器の切れ味の威力に驚いた。
持ち込まれた鉄製品は超貴重品だった。
やがて中国製鉄技術は朝鮮半島の北部に伝播。そして3世紀ごろ、
朝鮮半島南部で生産の鉄が日本に輸入。弥生時代後期後半から古墳時代初め。〜

まさに現代世界にも共通する産業技術革命そのものですね。
青銅の技術はすでに伝わって、銅鐸などが威信材として導入されていたけれど、
鉄の驚くべき性能ぶりが一気に世を変えていったことが想像できる。
弥生の社会にこの鉄器が導入され土地開発農具として最高の存在になった。
開墾器具にも木を切る斧の先端素材としても、それまでの効率・仕上がりを
はるかに凌駕し労働の時間短縮・精度向上を実現したことは想像に難くない。
たぶんそれは同時に戦争の「武器」としても活用されていったに相違ない。
戦いをすれば、鉄を持つ集団は圧倒的な強さを発揮できたのだろう。
争うように鉄の獲得戦が行われることも自然な成り行き。
ほぼ信仰にも似た鉄器への希求が社会の基底で盛り上がっていった。
日本国家生成の時期、朝鮮半島国家群との強い国際関係が基本で
揺籃期の日本権力機構で決定的要素だったのには、
この鉄器の生産と導入が死活的だった事情を表しているのだろう。
やがて白村江海戦という東アジア世界大戦に突っ込んでいく動機は
このことが社会経済の存亡に直結したからなのだろう。

白村江敗戦のあとでようやく鉄は国内生産が可能になっていくことで
日本列島社会は東アジア世界との強い関係性からやや脱することができる。
経済的自立が国の安定の決定的要因なのは、いつの時代も不変。
弥生から国家形成の時期にかけて、日本社会ではこういう切羽詰まった事情が
鉄を巡って存在していただろうことが可視化されてきている。

English version⬇

Iron, the Core Material of Agriculture: A Nation? The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 35
Why did Japan in the Tenchi period fight the reckless Battle of Hakuchon River? The situation of acquiring “iron” resources in a desperate situation. …

The following is an abstract from “The Story of ‘Iron’ Across the Sea” in Unnan, Shimane Prefecture.
〜The first time iron was made in the world is believed to have been in Western Asia between 3,800 and 4,000 years ago.
In China, on the other hand, iron was first produced around 3,400 years ago. Japan is still in the latter half of the Jomon Period.
In China, too, iron was first made from meteoric iron (iron meteorites) that fell from outer space.
At this time, bronze casting technology had already been developed in China, and bronze vessels were the main type of metalware.
Iron was very precious. Eventually, China became the first country in the world to produce pig iron, and this pig iron was then used in casting molds.
This pig iron was poured into molds to produce cast ironware.
Pig iron is extremely hard due to the high carbon content in the iron, but it is also brittle upon impact.
It was not suitable for use as a cutting tool or other useful tool. However, in China, a technology was developed to reduce the amount of carbon in the iron.
The technique to reduce the amount of carbon in iron was developed in China, and iron with a high tenacity came to be used for cast-iron blades.
In the mid-Yayoi period in Japan, iron axe shards made of iron were transported to northern Kyushu Japan and reused.
They were reused. The Yayoi, who cultivated the mountains and fields with stone tools, were amazed at the power of the sharpness of iron tools.
The iron products they brought with them were highly prized.
Eventually, Chinese iron manufacturing technology spread to the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Around the 3rd century, iron products produced in the southern part of the Korean peninsula were introduced to the Yayoi people.
Iron produced in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula was imported to Japan. Late Yayoi Period to early Kofun Period. 〜From the late Yayoi Period to the early Kofun Period

It is the very industrial and technological revolution that is also common in the modern world.
Bronze technology had already been introduced, and bronze bells and other objects had been introduced as prestige materials, but the amazing performance of iron was changing the world at a stroke.
We can imagine that the amazing performance of iron changed the world at once.
The introduction of iron tools into Yayoi society made them the best tools for land development and agriculture.
Whether used as cultivation tools or as the cutting edge of an axe, iron tools far surpassed the efficiency and workmanship of previous tools.
It is not difficult to imagine that the iron tools were far more efficient and effective than the conventional tools, shortening labor time and improving accuracy.
It was probably also used as a “weapon” in warfare.
In a battle, a group with iron would have been overwhelmingly strong.
It was natural that they would fight to acquire iron.
The desire for iron tools, which was almost like a religious belief, rose at the base of society.
During the period of the birth of the Japanese state, strong international relations with the Korean Peninsula states were fundamental.
The production and introduction of ironware was a decisive factor in Japan’s power structure in its infancy.
The production and introduction of ironware was a critical factor in the development of Japan’s power structure.
The motivation for the Japanese to eventually plunge into the Battle of Hakuchonjiang, a world war in East Asia, was directly related to this.
The reason why the Japanese were eventually driven into the East Asian World War, the Battle of the White River, may be because of the direct link between this war and the survival of the social economy.

After the defeat at the Hakuchon River, domestic production of iron finally became possible, and the Japanese archipelago’s society was able to survive in the East Asian world.
Japanese society could somewhat break away from its strong relationship with the East Asian world.
Economic independence has always been a decisive factor for national stability.
From the Yayoi period to the period of state formation, this kind of impasse would have existed in Japanese society
It is becoming visible that this kind of desperate situation would have existed around iron in Japanese society from the Yayoi period to the period of state formation.

Posted on 12月 5th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

【権力と戦争が国家の起源 日本列島37,000年史-34】




弥生の水田稲作はそれまでの縄文の世の人口密度を一変させた。
食糧生産の究極的な「効率化」が計られたのがアジアでは水田稲作であり、
その最適な環境のひとつとして日本列島があった。
土地利用の観点からすると、人間一人あたりの必要カロリー取得可能面積において
弥生：縄文では一説では1:400というほどの違いがあるとされるほど
農耕は人類生存の形態を大きく変えたと言えるのでしょう。
それまではたぶん「土地」という観念が人類にはなかったのが、
その後の「一所懸命」的思想がひろく人間のこころを支配していく。

もちろん狩猟採集という経済でも効率化バイアスは働き、
武器の高度化という意味では相互関係が働いたと思えるけれど、
こと農耕という経済社会ではこの「土地」の有用性・支配権を巡って
戦争という概念がごく自然発生的に巻き起こっていった。
ことは経済の事柄であるのでこの変化は否応なく、としか言いようがない。
マルクスエンゲルスの唱えた「原始共産制社会」というのは疑問だと思うし、
むしろ農耕の人類社会での一般化からの必然として権力の発生は理解できる。
軍事力というものが発生するのは自然。
人類社会はこの争闘の根本原因に対し制御方法を考えて行くことになるけれど、
当面する対手が存在すれば、それとの関係性に於いて軍事力を持たなければ
対等の交渉もできないことは子どもでも理解できる原理。
基本構造の経済における利用資源として鉄器の技術発展があって
それはそのまま軍事転用可能な武器生産とも連動していった。
こういうこと対応の社会的機能として「ムラとクニ」概念が生まれ、
それら同士での緊張関係、相互関係が、より巨大な地域統合を促すことも自然。
近隣関係でもめ事が起こったときにそれを平和的に解決するのに
より大きな「幻想」的共同体の調停力は必要でもあっただろう。
人類社会発展の「加速度」機能を果たしたものがこういう経済基盤と
社会統治としての国家権力であったことは否定しようのない事実。
中国大陸では初の中央集権統一国家・秦が紀元前221年に成立した。
それとどのように対応して行くべきか、日本の弥生社会は
相当の緊張関係を孕みながら、徐々に統一的王権に向かっていった。

一方、戦争と権力が、技術と経済を大いに発展させていった。
吉野ヶ里遺跡でもごく近距離に「鍛冶」の工房が営まれていたし、
飛鳥の都でも同様の鍛冶場が王権に近接して営まれていた。
始原期の権力にとって農耕発展のために金属機器を生産し下賜する能力は不可欠。
またそういう権力の誇示として権力者的装身具として
「キラキラ」したるものは、誰の目にもわかりやすかったのだろう。

English version⬇

[Power and war are the origins of the state. 37,000-year history of the Japanese archipelago – 34]
Overwhelming power for rice paddy farming with the ability to maintain and develop the population. Further accelerated by the development of metal equipment. The economic structure created and nurtured power. …

Paddy rice cultivation in the Yayoi period transformed the population density of the Jomon period up to that time.
The ultimate “efficiency” of food production was achieved through paddy rice cultivation in Asia, and one of the best environments for this was the Japanese archipelago.
One of the best environments for this was the Japanese archipelago.
From the perspective of land use, the Yayoi: Jomon period was the most efficient in terms of the area available to obtain the necessary calories per person.
The Yayoi:Jomon ratio is said to be as large as 1:400.
Agriculture has changed the way human beings survive.
Until then, humans probably did not have the concept of “land.
The “working hard” philosophy that followed dominated the human mind.

Of course, the efficiency bias also worked in the hunter-gatherer economy.
In a hunter-gatherer economy, of course, there is an efficiency bias, and it seems to have been interrelated in the sense of the sophistication of weaponry.
In an agrarian economy, however, the concept of war over the usefulness and control of the land is a very natural outgrowth of the concept of war.
The concept of war emerged quite spontaneously in an agrarian economic society.
Since this is an economic matter, this change can only be described as inevitable.
I think that the “primitive communist society” advocated by Marx Engels is questionable and
Rather, the emergence of power as an inevitable consequence of the generalization of agriculture in human society is understandable.
The emergence of military power is natural.
Human societies will find ways to control the root causes of this struggle, but if there is an immediate countermeasure, it will be a military force.
If there is an immediate opponent, it is impossible to negotiate with it on an equal footing without military power in relation to it.
Even a child can understand this principle.
The technological development of ironware as a resource to be utilized in the economy of the basic structure
This was directly linked to the production of weapons that could be used for military purposes.
The concept of “mura and kuni” was born as a social function to cope with such a situation.
Tensions and interrelationships among them naturally promote greater regional integration.
When a dispute arises in a neighborhood, it can be resolved peacefully by a larger “illusory” community.
The mediating power of a larger “illusory” community would have been necessary to peacefully resolve disputes in neighboring relations.
The “acceleration” function of human social development was fulfilled by this kind of economic infrastructure and state power as social governance.
It is an undeniable fact that the “accelerating” function of human social development was this kind of economic infrastructure and state power as social governance.
In mainland China, the first centralized unified state, Qin Dynasty, was established in 221 BC.
How should we deal with this, and how should Japan’s Yayoi society deal with it?
The Yayoi society in Japan gradually moved toward a unified kingship, with considerable tensions.

On the other hand, war and power led to great technological and economic development.
At the Yoshinogari site, a “forge” workshop was operated within a very short distance, and a similar forge was operated in the Asuka capital.
Similar forges were operated in the Asuka capital in close proximity to the royal authority.
The ability to produce and gift metal equipment for the development of agriculture was essential for the primitive powers.
The ability to produce and bestow metal equipment was essential for primitive power to develop agriculture, and as a demonstration of such power, “shiny” objects were used as power ornaments.
The “glittering” objects were easily recognizable to all.

Posted on 12月 4th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

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