歴史随想的な「元寇史料館」シリーズに沈殿しているうちに世上ではいろいろな現実が動き続けている。とりわけ不明な動きがコメの価格上昇。コロナ開けの世界的な需要急増局面での各種「値上がり」圧力はある程度は理解できるけれど、さすがに日本人の主食であるコメについてのインフレは座視できない。
　わたしの場合は知人の宮城県の農家の方から10年くらい前から直購入させていただいてきていましたが、今回の価格急騰局面でついにコメ生産現地で買い占めの動きが活発化して、わが家のような小さな需要には対応できなくなってしまっておりました。でも、当面２−３ヶ月の分については先日最終出荷していただいて確保しています。高齢化と健康を考えて小食化に努めているわが家では、夫婦毎日１合で用足りるのですが、ときどき「寿司」を握ったりするので、そのときには１升程度。そういうことでそれなりに困る。
　わが家が買い物するお店などではイマドキだと5kg袋が3,500円前後といったところ。写真は、先日の２日間の道東への長距離ドライブの旅路でふと見かけていたコメの値段。これからコメの値段はどのように推移するのかわかりませんが、まだ備蓄があるわが家としては、まぁ焦る必要はないのではというカミさんの意見。素直に主婦の意見に従っておりましたが、さて。
　コメの値段とか、米作農家対応というのは、日本の農水省の最重要課題であり、最高レベルの政治課題でもあると思うのですが、その米価の構造についてはあまりユーザーレベルでは関心が持たれなかった。それが揺らいできているのだけれど、メディア報道ではあまり突っ込んだ解説が出てこない。コメ農家に政治的基盤があるという江藤さんという農水大臣が、コメの価格はもうすぐ下がりますとアナウンスしたのに、逆に高騰が進んでいるのが現実。これはヤバいということで自由民主党の小野寺政調会長が動いている様子が報道されていた。農相は政治力に疑問が付くので与党側にハンドルを任せたというような展開かと。
https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/a1403de36fb4e4527ec05648e8b46ed3bbc390e9
　よく理解しにくい記事だったのだけれど、備蓄米については政府として「販売」しても制度的に「買い戻す」ことが前提となっているので、その価格分が「儲け」として確保されているとのこと。従ってそこそこの「高値」での取引になっている。市場小売り価格を下げるのが現段階での政治方針のハズが、どうも不透明。障害になっている買い戻し制度について「一時的」にそれを撤廃するというような報道。全体的に「隔靴掻痒〜かっかそうよう」＜かゆいところに手が届かない様子＞の感が否めない。
　しかも一方で、コメ輸出の場合には国の支援策として10アール当たり4万円の助成金が得られることも報道されている。１アール当たり4,000円。1アールあたり平均収穫量は約530〜550キログラムなので、コメ集約側としてはモチベーションになり得る。国内で売るより輸出した方が儲かるのか？
　もう少し状況を見て、わが家としての購入方針を決めていきたい。

English version⬇

‘Is the rice price spike a failure of agricultural policy?’
Measures to deal with the sharp rise in rice prices have not taken effect fast enough. In fact, they seem to be going backwards. Isn’t this kind of “resentment” the worst thing for politics? …

　Various realities continue to move in the world while precipitated by the historical essay series ‘Genko Shiryokan’. One particularly unclear trend is the rise in the price of rice. I can understand to some extent the pressure for various “price hikes” due to the rapid increase in global demand for corona, but I cannot ignore the inflation of rice, which is the staple food of the Japanese people.
　In my case, I have been buying directly from a farmer in Miyagi Prefecture, who is an acquaintance of mine, for about 10 years, but the recent surge in prices has finally triggered a buying up of rice in the rice producing areas, and I am no longer able to meet the small demand that my family is experiencing. However, we have secured the last shipment of rice for the next two to three months. In our family, where we are trying to eat smaller meals for the sake of our ageing population and health, one cup of rice is enough for us every day, but sometimes we make sushi, so we need about 1 sho of rice. We have a certain amount of trouble with that.
　At the shops where we shop, a 5 kg bag costs around 3,500 yen. The photo shows the price of rice we saw on our two-day long-distance drive to the east of Hokkaido the other day. I don’t know how the price of rice will change from now on, but my wife’s opinion is that there is no need to be in a hurry, as we still have a stockpile. I followed the housewife’s opinion honestly, but now let’s see.
　The price of rice and the response of rice farmers is the most important issue for the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and I think it is also a political issue at the highest level, but the structure of the rice price has not been of much interest at the user level. That has been shaken up, but there has not been much in-depth commentary in media reports. The Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Mr Eto, who has a political base among rice farmers, announced that rice prices would soon fall, but the reality is that the price of rice is rising in the opposite direction. It was reported that Onodera, chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party’s policy research committee, was making moves because he thought this was a bad idea. The Minister of Agriculture’s political power is questionable, so he has left the steering wheel to the ruling party side.
https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/a1403de36fb4e4527ec05648e8b46ed3bbc390e9
The article was difficult to understand, but it was assumed that the government would systematically “buy back” stockpiled rice even if it was “sold”. The article was difficult to understand, but it said that the government is supposed to ‘buy back’ the stockpiled rice even if it is “sold”, so the price is secured as ‘profit’. Therefore, the price is at a “high” level. The political policy at this stage should be to reduce the retail market price, but it is unclear. It is reported that the buy-back system, which has been an obstacle, is to be abolished ‘temporarily’. Overall, there is an undeniable sense of “itching to scratch an itch”.
　On the other hand, it is also reported that rice exporters can get a subsidy of 40,000 yen per hectare under a state support scheme, which can be a motivating factor for rice aggregators, as the average yield per hectare is approximately 530-550 kg. Is it more profitable to export than to sell domestically?
　We would like to look at the situation a little more and decide on our purchasing policy.

Posted on 5月 15th, 2025 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 状況・政治への発言 | No Comments »

　今回の元寇史料館訪問でわかったことの最大のポイントはやはり海上からの侵略行動にとって、もっとも枢要な要件は海洋気象ということが明確になったこと。要するに台風である。
　長崎県伊万里湾口の鷹島沖海域を埋め尽くしていた元の軍船団が実に1281年８月17日にほぼ潰滅している。
　侵略側の記録でも「元軍の帰らざる者、約10万。高麗軍の帰らざる者7000余人」（高麗の史書）「風が船を破る」「風に遭って、船ことごとく壊す」と元側の記録にも短く、その悔しさ、無念さを滲ませているという。
　新暦の８月17日は台風襲来の頻発する二百十日にほど近い。九州大学の故・真鍋大覚博士の樹齢数千年の屋久杉の研究調査から、このときの台風は中心気圧950hp、最大瞬間風速55.6mという超大型台風だったとされる。この鷹島海域の伊万里湾地域では風速30mの強風が夜通し20時間にわたって吹き荒れた。
　こういう台風に際して、厳重に港に停泊させていたワケではない木造大型船、それも4000余艘もの大船団がひしめき合っていた状態では、相次いで玉突き状態に陥り、沈没し波に呑み込まれてしまったことは自明。事実としても、この海域の水中からは水中考古学の知見からもたくさんの証明事実があきらかにされてきている。また、この鷹島の沿岸地域からはたくさんの物証が歴史的に発見されてきている。
　しかしこの海域に１カ月間以上逗留し続けていたことは、元軍側の作戦行動の拙劣さを表している。当然、海を渡っての軍事行動であり、そういった気象や現地地形情報収集は完璧にされていたと考えられる。それなのになぜ、という疑問。この海上部隊はこの歴史段階ですでに元に滅ぼされた「南宋」の軍部隊が主力であったこともこういった消息と重ね合わせて考えるべきポイントであるかも知れない。そもそも「なんで元のために命をかけてまで戦う必要があるのか？」というこの旧南宋軍の士気レベルの低さ。そういう気分の上に日本側の防壁の堅さへの「へきえき」感。
　一方、元にとってはこの軍隊が疲弊することは潜在的脅威の排除にもなり、必ずしも悪い事とも言えないという背景事情も存在していた。元のフビライにしてみれば征服した南宋と高麗の軍勢が消耗することは、それほど大きな損害とは言い切れない。

　一方、上のイラストはわたしの先祖伝承にも名の出る伊予の「河野通有」が元の軍船に奇襲を仕掛けている図。鎌倉幕府もこの武功は公式に認めたとされる。河野家は水軍の棟梁であるので海上での戦い方のプロとも言える存在。巨大な元の軍船に対して夜襲を掛けて戦果を上げていたという。河野家はこの元寇の時代より前の源平争乱期の四国「屋島」の戦いでも義経のもとに馳せ参じた記録が残っている。この弘安の役に関しての同様の海上ゲリラ的な攻撃は「松浦」の現地水軍なども仕掛けていただろう事が容易に想像できる。
　こうした攻撃によって元軍は「手を焼いて」全軍を上げての太宰府侵略をためらっていたかも知れない。

English version⬇

[Typhoon of 950 hp, direct hit on Yuan forces assembling in the southern waters of Hawk Island, Yuan Pirates Historical Museum – 11]
On 17 August 1281, Yuan’s military fleet was destroyed by more than 100,000 ships. analysis of the unwillingness to stay at sea for more than a month. …

　The most important thing that became clear from this visit to the Genko Historical Museum was that the most critical requirement for an invasion action from the sea was the maritime weather. In short, typhoons.
　The Yuan military fleet that filled the waters off Takashima Island at the mouth of Imari Bay in Nagasaki Prefecture was almost completely destroyed on 17 August 1281.
　The record of the invaders also states: “The number of the Yuan forces that did not return was approximately 100,000. The records of the Yuan side are also short and express their frustration and regret, saying ‘The wind breaks the ships’ and ‘The ships were all destroyed by the wind’ (Goryeo history book).
　17 August of the new calendar is close to the 20010th day of the year, when typhoons frequently strike. According to research conducted by the late Dr Daikaku Manabe of Kyushu University on the several thousand year-old Yakusugi cedar trees, the typhoon at that time was a super typhoon with a central pressure of 950 hp and a maximum instantaneous wind speed of 55.6 m. In the Imari Bay area in the Takashima Sea region, strong winds of 30 mph blew for 20 hours throughout the night.
　In such a typhoon, it is obvious that large wooden vessels, not all of which were anchored strictly in port, and a large fleet of more than 4,000 boats, were crowded together, one after the other, and sank and were swallowed by the waves. Underwater archaeology has revealed many facts that prove the fact that this area was underwater. Also, a lot of physical evidence has been found historically in the coastal area of Hawk Island.
　However, the fact that they stayed in this area for more than a month shows poor operational behaviour on the part of the former military. Of course, it was a military operation across the sea, and such weather and local terrain information gathering was considered to have been perfected. The question, then, is why. The fact that these maritime units were mainly military units of the “Southern Song”, which had already been destroyed by the Yuan at this stage of history, may be a point to consider in conjunction with this kind of disappearance. In the first place, ‘Why should we risk our lives to fight for Yuan?’ The low morale level of the former Southern Song army. On top of such a mood, there was a sense of ‘heki eki’ at the solidity of the Japanese defensive wall.
　On the other hand, there was also the background situation that for Yuan, the exhaustion of this army was not necessarily a bad thing, as it would also eliminate a potential threat. For Yuan’s Hubilai, the exhaustion of the armies of the conquered Southern Song and Goryeo could not be said to be a serious loss.
　On the other hand, the illustration above shows “Kono Michiari” of Iyo, who is mentioned in my ancestral traditions, launching a surprise attack on the Yuan’s warships. The Kamakura Shogunate is said to have officially recognised this military feat. The Kono family were the masters of the navy and could be said to be professionals in fighting at sea. They are said to have attacked the huge Yuan warships at night and achieved great results. There is a record of the Kono family coming to the aid of Yoshitsune in the Battle of Yashima in Shikoku during the Genpei War, which preceded the period of the Genko Incident. It is easy to imagine that similar guerrilla attacks on the sea during the Kouan War would have been launched by the local navy of Matsuura.
　Such attacks may have ‘burned the hands’ of the Yuan forces and made them hesitant to invade Dazaifu with their entire army.

Posted on 5月 13th, 2025 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

　さすがに昨日は往復800km超のドライブ運転の疲労が沸きだしてきて、連載記事ひと呼吸。本日は復帰。
　この元寇がもたらした状況の中で、今日社会とも通底していると感じるのは「政治と宗教」の関係性。この元寇の時期、鎌倉新宗教として日蓮が活動して布教を広げていた。政治と宗教という意味合いでは、そもそも仏教を日本社会に持ち込んできたのは飛鳥時代の聖徳太子であり蘇我氏勢力だったことからあきらかではある。政治という権力争奪においては、つねに「イデオロギー」が重要な領域を占めていて、いわば「正統性」争いである部分の最重要パーツであり、また「本質」に深く関わるものであった。
　その宗教活動において民衆への布教を基礎にしながら、政治権力に対して意見を申し立てる、というような動きにまで高まってきたのがこの日蓮による「立正安国論」の提起だったのだろう。そして書物というメディアによって広範な拡散を行って影響力の拡大を図ったという意味では、ひとつの象徴的動きだったのかも知れない。いわば「世論喚起」。
　立正安国論の要旨は以下の通り。「日蓮が鎌倉幕府の執権・北条時頼に提出した書で、国土の安泰と民衆の幸福は、正法である法華経を信仰することで実現されると説いています。具体的には、当時の天災地変や飢饉、疫病の原因は、人々が邪法を信じているからであり、それを改めなければ、内乱や他国からの侵略が起こると警告している。〜Wiki」
　飢饉や疫病、そして内乱は鎌倉期を通して頻発していたし、そこに元寇という「侵略」も加わったことから、その意見具申に強いリアリティが加わった。直接的な政治への異議申し立てだけれど、一方で他宗派への「内ゲバ」的な動きでもあったので、既成仏教宗派側からの反撃も大きく、日蓮は複数回、島流しという弾圧を受けた。しかしそのことがまた「法難」的に受け止められて民の側の心情的応援を喚起して宗派の勢力拡大につながっていったとも思える。
　政治と宗教、言論活動のわかりやすい嚆矢として日本社会が初めて経験したようなことがらと思われる。こうした動きが今日社会のある意味「起点」になっているのかも知れない。元寇を掘り起こすということは、そのような意味で、自分自身のアタマの上のこぶを見定めるような難しさがそこにあるのではないだろうか。このことが、科学的立場から歴史事実の解明分析を積極的に行う上で微妙に制御させているのかも知れない。元寇史料館が「日蓮聖人銅像護持教会」によって委託運営されていることも、そのような流れの中で考えると興味深い。

English version⬇

Rissho Ankoku-ron, Direct Involvement of Religion in Politics Genko-historikan-9]
Openly expressing one’s opinion on political power. A movement that seeks to arouse public opinion and use that groundswell to realise its own claims. It overlaps deeply with today’s society. …

　As expected, fatigue from driving over 800 km round-trip yesterday started to boil over, so we took a break from serial articles. Today I am back.
　In the situation brought about by the Genko Incident, the relationship between politics and religion is something that I feel has a common thread with today’s society. During this period of the Genko, Nichiren Buddhism was active as a new religion in Kamakura, spreading its teachings. In terms of politics and religion, it is clear that it was Prince Shotoku and the Soga clan forces in the Asuka period who brought Buddhism into Japanese society in the first place. In the struggle for power in politics, “ideology” always occupied an important area and was the most important part of the struggle for “legitimacy”, so to speak, and was deeply related to the “essence”.
　Nichiren’s Rissho Ankoku-ron, which was based on the propagation of his religious activities to the people, was probably what led to the rise of the movement to express opinions on political power. It may have been a symbolic movement in the sense that it spread widely through the media of books and sought to expand its influence. In other words, it was a “public opinion arousal”.
　The gist of the Rissho Ankoku-ron is as follows. ‘The Rissho Ankoku-ron was submitted by Nichiren to the regent of the Kamakura Shogunate, Hojo Tokiyori, and it taught that the peace of the land and the happiness of the people could be realised through faith in the Lotus Sutra, the true law of the land. Specifically, it warned that the natural disasters, famines and epidemics of the time were caused by people’s belief in the evil Dharma, and that if this was not changed, civil war and invasions from other countries would occur. ~Wiki”
Famine, pestilence and civil war were frequent throughout the Kamakura period, and the “invasion” of the Genko added to this, adding a strong sense of reality to this statement of opinion. Although it was a direct challenge to politics, it was also an ‘internal rebellion’ against other Buddhist sects, so the established Buddhist sects fought back and Nichiren Shoshu was repressed several times by being exiled to the islands. However, this was also perceived as a “legal calamity” and aroused emotional support from the people, leading to the expansion of the sect’s power.
　It is thought that this was the first time Japanese society experienced something like this, as a clear pioneering example of politics, religion and public discourse. These movements may be in a sense the “starting point” of today’s society. In this sense, digging up the Genko is like finding a bump on one’s own head. This may be a subtle control in actively clarifying and analysing historical facts from a scientific standpoint. It is interesting to note in this context that the Genko Historical Museum is operated on commission by the Church for the Protection of the Bronze Statue of Nichiren Shonin.

Posted on 5月 11th, 2025 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

　中国大陸に並立した２国・元と宋という複雑微妙な国際情勢のなかで、新興の元から国書を送られて「こっちの陣営に付いて味方してくれるよな、な？」というような関係を迫られた日本。その政権は実権を「征夷」をタテマエとする武家が支配する国。そういう意味では幕末期に征夷大将軍として黒船を迎えた江戸幕府にも似た立ち位置に立たされていたと見ることもできるのかも知れない。
　鉄という農耕と軍事の最先端物資を半島からの輸入に頼っていた時代、日本国家社会は白村江という「世界戦争」の渦中に立ったことはあるけれど、その後は百済からの移住者を抱擁し鉄も自国生産できるようになってほぼ対外的な関係としては「交易」だけという通常運転で行ってきた。金属探査もそうした移住者によって進み、結果として奥州からの産金まで結果する奇跡にも恵まれる。
　その間、文化としての漢字や仏教思想の導入など、主に経済・文化的な関係性が基本だった。その流れは律令国家制度の導入にまで進んだけれど、それは日本の社会風土には必ずしも馴染まず、やがて各地域毎の「一所懸命」思想による武家支配体制が基本になっていった。
　政治体制としては、国内的な争乱の調整型権力として鎌倉幕府というのはあったのだろう。頼朝の領地大盤振る舞い政策に呼応した各地域支配目的の御家人たちは、幕府に対し自分に有利な支配地の差配をさせることが大目的で成立してきた。それは土地の支配権の再配分が基本であってそこに「国防」という認識はなかった。この基本線は江戸幕府においても同様だっただろう。であるのに託された権力名は「征夷」大将軍。
　一方、大陸国家では皇帝権力による「独裁」がながく続き、日本のような分権的社会とはその権力構造が違いすぎた。
　このような基本において今日の共産党独裁体制のかの国は基本的に変わっていないとも思える。鎌倉や江戸の幕府政権も分権的志向の強い政権であり、今日の議会制民主主義社会とも通底している。
　さてそういう状況下で国内調整型権力として、戦争大好きの独裁型権力・元と、衰退期にあるが交易を通じて関係も深めていた宋とを比べて見れば、宋に肩入れするようなスタンスを取ることは自然だったのだろう。幕府にして見るとこの元寇戦は二律背反ではあった。というのは対外戦では獲得できる領土は存在せず、その支配権を差配することが出来ない中で、征夷という「タテマエ」の有言実行を迫られた、という状況。これは政権担当者としてきわどい局面。
　そういう状況で最前線では鎌倉期御家人たちが、未曾有の新兵器で武装し「集団戦」を仕掛けてくる外敵に対して幕府に聞こえるように「大きく名乗りを上げて」立ち向かって行った。おい幕府、おれはこんなに勇敢に戦っているぜ！
　報われない可能性の高い「一所懸命」戦争。

English version⬇

The ‘otherworldly’ value warfare of international warfare, Yuan Enmity Museum-8
The Kamakura warriors were hard-working individuals who rushed forward with their personal conspicuous ‘bravery’ against the cutting-edge armaments of the war-loving armed dictatorship, the Yuan army. …

　In the complex and delicate international situation of the two parallel states on the Chinese mainland, Yuan and Song, Japan was sent a letter of state from the newly emerging Yuan, which said, ‘You will join our camp and take our side, won’t you?’ Japan was forced into a relationship with the Yuan. The regime was ruled by a warrior clan whose real power was based on the principle of ‘conquest of the barbarians’. In this sense, Japan could be seen as being in a similar position to the Edo Shogunate, which welcomed the Black Ships as a barbarian conqueror in the final days of the Tokugawa shogunate.
　In the period when Japan was dependent on imports from the peninsula for iron, the most advanced agricultural and military commodity, Japanese society was once in the middle of a ‘world war’ called the Baekchon River, but afterwards it embraced immigrants from Baekje and was able to produce its own iron, and has continued with normal operations, almost exclusively through ‘trade’, in its relations with the outside world. Metal exploration was also advanced by these immigrants, resulting in the miraculous discovery of gold from Oshu.
　During this period, the relationship was mainly based on economic and cultural relations, including the introduction of Chinese characters and Buddhist thought as a culture. This trend led to the introduction of the Ritsuryo state system, which was not always compatible with the Japanese social climate, and eventually became based on a system of samurai rule based on the idea of ‘issho’ in each region.
　As a political system, the Kamakura shogunate probably existed as a coordinating power for domestic disputes. In response to Yoritomo’s policy of territorial largesse, the local rulers established the Kamakura Shogunate with the main aim of having the Shogunate distribute the lands they controlled in their favour. This was based on the redistribution of control over land, and there was no recognition of ‘national defence’. This basic line was probably the same for the Edo Shogunate. The name of the power entrusted to the shogunate, however, was the ‘barbarian’ shogun.
　On the other hand, in continental states, the ‘dictatorship’ of the emperor continued for a long time, and the power structure was too different from that of a decentralised society like Japan.
　On this basis, today’s communist dictatorships seem fundamentally unchanged. The Kamakura and Edo shogunate regimes also had a strong decentralised orientation, which is also common to today’s parliamentary democratic societies.
　Under these circumstances, when comparing the war-loving dictatorial Yuan as a domestic coordinating power with the Song dynasty, which was in decline but was deepening its relations through trade, it was natural for the Shogunate to take a stance in favour of the Song dynasty. From the perspective of the Shogunate, this war against the Yuan Pirates was a contradiction in terms. The Shogunate had no territory to gain from foreign wars, and was unable to control it, but was forced to carry out its ‘policy’ of conquering the barbarians. This was a critical moment for those in charge of the administration.
　In such a situation, the Kamakura court nobles, on the frontline, armed with unprecedented new weapons, ‘announced themselves loudly’ so that the Shogunate would hear them and confront the foreign enemies who were launching a ‘mass war’. Hey Shogunate, I am fighting so bravely!
　A ‘hard’ war with a high chance of not being rewarded.

Posted on 5月 9th, 2025 by 三木 奎吾
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　さて一段落させて、ふたたび「元寇」シリーズ復帰。
　前後２回に及んだ元と高麗の軍船団による九州北部への侵攻。東アジア世界においては中国大陸が中華としていわば中枢の位置を占めているけれど、そこでの戦いはいかにも「大陸」的な陸上戦的な権力抗争であって、その周辺の国家社会にとってそうした国家は交易の対象であって、さまざまな文化的な往来交流が基調的な関係性ということになる。そのなかでも最大の「交易」国家として日本列島社会が存在してきた。海を挟んでの社会同士の関係としては、そうなるのが自然だろうし、事実日本社会は、大陸国家との関係で経済文化そして、政治制度などでも交易的にそれらを受け入れてきた。
　この元寇の時代は以前からの「日宋関係」という活発な交易が対「南宋」間で継続的に展開していた。日本側からは旧・奥州藤原氏の支配地域から産出する黄金が輸出されていた。日宋交易では日本側からは金・真珠・硫黄・木材などが輸出され、宋からは香料・錦・磁器・書籍などが輸入されていた。この鎌倉期には禅の人材や文化などの輸入が活発だった。多くの禅僧が渡海してきている。
　そのなかでも大陸国家にとっては金の魅力が絶大だったとされる。当時の金と銀の交換比率が日本では1:5なのに大陸国家では1:13という現実があった。「日本からは金が安く入手できる」というのが、最大の関心事だったことがわかりやすい。マルコポーロはこの時代人であり元の皇帝・フビライにも謁見しているが、その「黄金の国ジパング」の想像力は共有されていたと思われる。
　上の写真は元から日本側に送られた「国書」。最近の文書研究では元の皇帝が送った国書としては「前例のない鄭重さ」と解されている。国書冒頭に、日本国王に対して「奉る」とあり礼を尽くしている。さらに文末に「不宣」の文字があることが注目されている。これは「友人間」の定型句であってなお「臣下」としない意思を示した語句だと蒙古の文書「経世大典」に明記されているとのこと。
　また受け取った国書に対して、それを翻訳解釈したと考えられるのは当時の社会での「大学教授」＝禅宗高僧たちだろうが、かれらは「宋」から渡って来た人々であり、漢文の解釈に当たって元に対して否定的だった可能性が非常に高いと思われる。
　国書では「武力を使いたくはない」という表現もあったとされている。元の派遣軍・指揮官たちにはこうした「戦略」判断が大きなウェートを占めていたのではないか。そう考えてくると、第１波の文永の役で一定の打撃を与えたことで戦略的「役割」は終わったと考えた可能性が高い。多数の軍船団が狭い博多湾にビッシリと集結している中、荒天も予測されるような状況。早期に撤収という方針に決したと考えられる。文永の役での撤収に「神風」は無関係で意図的な撤収だったのだと思われる。

English version⬇

[Yuan’s ‘Statements of State’ and World Affairs Yuan Enemy History Museum – 6]
The latest research interprets this as unprecedented zhengjing as a world state. Even a friendly call. Yuan’s strategy at the time of the Wen-Yong War was a friendly attitude. Is kamikaze irrelevant? …

　Now that we’ve put a stop to this, we’re back to the “Genko” series.
　The invasion of northern Kyushu by the Yuan and Koryo fleets, which took place twice before and after the invasion. In the East Asian world, the Chinese continent occupies the central position as China, but the battles there were land-based power struggles in a ‘continental’ style, and for the surrounding states and societies, these states were objects of trade, and various cultural exchanges were the key relationship between them. The Japanese archipelagic societies have been the largest “trading” states among these. This is a natural relationship between societies across the sea, and Japanese society has, in fact, accepted trade in economic, cultural and political systems in relation to continental states.
　In the period of the Genko Incident, active trade between Japan and the Southern Song dynasty (960-1279) had been ongoing. From the Japanese side, gold produced from the former Oshu Fujiwara clan-controlled areas was exported. In the Japan-Song trade, gold, pearls, sulphur and timber were exported from the Japanese side, while perfumes, brocade, porcelain and books were imported from the Song. Imports of Zen personnel and culture were active during this Kamakura period. Many Zen monks travelled to the sea.
　Among these, it is said that gold was immensely attractive to the continental states. The exchange ratio of gold to silver at the time was 1:5 in Japan, but 1:13 in the continental countries. It is easy to see that the main concern was that ‘gold could be obtained cheaply from Japan.’ Marco Polo was a man of the period and had an audience with the Yuan emperor, Hubilai, whose imagination of the “golden land of Zipangu” seems to have been shared.
　The photo above shows the “Kokusho”, a letter of state sent from Yuan to the Japanese side. Recent research into the document has shown it to be ‘unprecedentedly Zheng-weight’ for a state letter sent by the Yuan emperors. The first sentence of the Kokusho states that it is ‘dedicated’ to the King of Japan, which is an act of courtesy. Furthermore, it is noted that at the end of the text there is the character ‘Fusen’. The Mongolian document “Keisei Dajiten” clearly states that this is a standard phrase for “between friends” and indicates the intention not to treat the person as a “vassal”.
　The people who are thought to have translated and interpreted the Kokusho are thought to have been the “university professors” of the society of the time, i.e. the high priests of the Zen sect, but they were from the Song dynasty, and it is highly likely that they were negative towards the Yuan when interpreting the Chinese text.
　In the Kokusho, it is said that they expressed that they did not want to use force. Such “strategic” judgements may have been of great importance to the Yuan’s dispatched forces and commanders. In this light, it is highly likely that they considered their strategic “role” to have ended with the first wave of the Bunyong War, which dealt a certain amount of blows. With a large number of military convoys tightly concentrated in the narrow Hakata Bay, and stormy weather predicted, the situation was such that they were likely to have decided on a policy of early withdrawal. It is thought that they decided on a policy of early withdrawal. It is thought that the “kamikaze” had nothing to do with the withdrawal from the Bun’ei no Yakuwari, and that it was a deliberate withdrawal.

Posted on 5月 7th, 2025 by 三木 奎吾
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