写真は名古屋城の展示で、やはりこの人物がいなければと言える信長さんの肖像画。この城郭、名古屋城自体はその後の尾張徳川家の本拠地として、天下普請で建築されたものなので、尾張織田家とは無関係ではあるけれど、戦国末期に全国統一事業を主体的に推進した中部・東海勢力の首魁としてはやはりこの人物が基盤になっている。
　日本国家の中枢機能は畿内地域が担ってきたけれど、鎌倉幕府の成立など関東に武権が成立したように東西という構図が日本列島全体の権力争奪では根付いていった。さらには、古代における関ヶ原合戦ともいえる「壬申の乱」では、中部地域から東の勢力を統合した天武系が勝利を収めたのに、この地域の勢力の合力が大きかったとされている。東西の中間地域として、この地域は全国の政治情勢の帰趨を決する地域であり続けたといえる。
　そういった最重要地域であり続けたことが、戦国期の日本にとってのヘゲモニーを持たせたということなのだろうか。下の絵柄は展示されていた名古屋城下のにぎわいぶり。伝統的な日本絵画、洛中洛外図と同様のアングルで市井の様子が絵巻物として残されている。信長は、若年期、街のにぎわいのなかをうろつく半グレのような行状を見せていたというエピソードが語られるけれど、京都での政治軍事支配を掌握した後、同時に全国最大の商業中心地域・堺の支配権もすぐさま掌握している。堺の街の醸し出す重商主義気質が、伊勢湾岸の商業中心地育ちの信長のメンタルを刺激したのかも。
　やはり重商主義的な地域性が成長期にも色濃く性格形成に与っていたのだろう。
　さて一方で、北海道はこの地域との関係性が薄いのではないだろうか。明治以前までの北海道はひたすら「北前交易」によって畿内地域や北陸、環日本海地域との関係性が深かった。また、明治維新以降は政権中央の東京から、近代国家国防の最前線地域として最重視されて旺盛に「開拓事業」が推進されていったことで、北海道の隣県は東京というような感覚にまで至っている。
　そういうなかでは、中部東海地域というのは関係性のきっかけが見い出しにくい。明治期以降、東西という日本国内の基本的な地域間権力構図が様変わりして、政治面では東京一極集中が極限まで進んだことがこういう認識の背景になっているようにも思える。
　たぶんこれからの時代にはトヨタの中枢がこの地域を基盤としているということが、大きな要素になっていくようにも思える。北海道とこの地域、さてどんな未来形があるだろうか。興味深い。

English version⬇

Why did the Tokai region give birth to the Tengokujin? Nagoya Castle Exploration-2
The Chubu-Tokai region became decisive in the political and economic situation at the end of the Warring States period. Was this due to the heavy mercantilist climate? What is the future of regional relations with Hokkaido? …

　The photo shows a portrait of Nobunaga at the Nagoya Castle exhibit, which, after all, would not have been possible without this man. This castle, Nagoya Castle itself, was built as the base of the Owari Tokugawa family, and was built under a contract with the Tenka Fuchin, so it has nothing to do with the Owari Oda family, but it is based on this man as the leader of the Chubu and Tokai forces that proactively promoted a nationwide unification project at the end of the Warring States period.
　The central functions of the Japanese state had been carried out in the Kinai region, but as the Kamakura Shogunate was established and military power was established in the Kanto region, the East-West structure took root in the struggle for power throughout the Japanese archipelago. Furthermore, in the Jinshin Rebellion, which could be called the Sekigahara Battle in ancient times, the Temmu lineage, which united forces from the central region to the east, emerged victorious, but the combined power of the forces in this region is said to have been significant. As the middle region between the east and west, this region continued to be the region that determined the political situation of the whole country.
　The fact that it remained the most important region in Japan during the Warring States period may have given it hegemony over the country. The picture below shows the bustling Nagoya Castle area where the exhibition was held. The picture scroll depicts the city life from the same angle as the traditional Japanese painting, Rakuchu Rakugai-zu. Nobunaga is said to have behaved like a half-wit wandering around the bustling streets in his youth, but after seizing political and military control of Kyoto, he quickly seized control of Sakai, the largest commercial center in the country. Perhaps the mercantilist spirit that Sakai exuded stimulated the mentality of Nobunaga, who grew up in the commercial center on the Ise Bay coast.
　It is likely that the mercantilist character of the region contributed strongly to the formation of Nobunaga’s personality even during his period of growth.
　On the other hand, Hokkaido may not have had much to do with this region. Before the Meiji Restoration, Hokkaido had deep relations with the Kinai region, Hokuriku region, and the Japan Sea Rim region through “trade in front of the north. After the Meiji Restoration, Tokyo, the center of government, placed the highest priority on Hokkaido as a frontline region for national defense in the modern era, and vigorous “development projects” were promoted, leading to the perception that Hokkaido’s neighboring prefectures are Tokyo.
　In this context, it is difficult to find any opportunity for a relationship between the Chubu-Tokai region and the rest of Japan. The basic power structure between the East and West regions of Japan has changed since the Meiji Era, and the extreme concentration of power in Tokyo in terms of politics seems to be the reason behind this perception.
　The fact that Toyota’s hub is based in this region will probably become a major factor in the future. What kind of future shape will Hokkaido and this region take? It will be interesting to see what the future holds for Hokkaido and this region.

Posted on 12月 6th, 2024 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究 | No Comments »

　昨日、ちょっと懸案になっていて心理的にも重たくなっていた案件にようやくメドがついて、一段落であります。で、その流れから行動予定も決定できて見通しが立ってきた。
　さて一進一退で徐々に冬が深まってきている北海道札幌。写真のような降雪もときどきありつつ、7-8°くらいまで最高気温が上がったりもしております。札幌市民としては、一回くらいドカ雪が来るとハラが坐らざるを得なくなるのですが、どうもことしはハッキリしない。いつ何時くるかわからない中で、心理的には「執行猶予」付きの期間のような受け止め方（笑）。あ、わたし、交通違反は別にして、おかげさまで人生で一度も警察にご厄介になって裁判でそのような状況になった経験はありません。
　一度、大量降雪が来れば、かえって落ち着くのですね。そういう日常がごく自然に受け止められる。その上でどのように行動すべきか、計画も立てられやすいのですね。戸建て住宅に住んでいて、ご近所関係にご迷惑にならないように「共助」の自然な規範が働いてくるもの。除雪と堆雪の、そのシーズンでの行動ルールのようなものを、ご近所関係の円滑化のために確立させる必要があるのですね。
　毎朝のルーティン作業が定まるということでしょうか。最初のドカ雪がくれば否応なくそれの「この冬バージョン」が決定する。そうすると、わたしがもし不在でも、ルールが決まっているので家人はそれに準拠して行動すれば良い、ということになるのですね。毎朝の除雪作業に「筋道」が確立する。
　・・・ということですが、このようにドカ雪ではない状況も、ありがたいのは当然。もうちょっとこの状況を楽しんだらいいのですが、どうも疑い深い性格になってしまっている（泣）。
　しかし温暖地・兵庫県では延々と騒動が継続しているようで、どうもマスメディアのありようのような局面にまで突き進んできている。現代ニッポンの状況の一断面が際だってきている。そういう意味ではまことに現代を象徴するような事案になってきていますね。さて。

English version⬇

The end of the year, the season of growing old.
The snowfall will eventually bring us to the “set condition” of Sapporo’s residential area in winter, but I’m somewhat on probation. I am in a state of mind like, “I’m all set, so come on, come on! …

　Yesterday, I finally reached a decision on a matter that had been pending for some time and had been weighing on me psychologically, and I am now at peace. And, as a result, I was able to decide on a schedule of activities and have a clear outlook for the future.
　Winter is gradually deepening in Sapporo, Hokkaido. While snowfall as shown in the photo sometimes occurs, the maximum temperature rises to around 7-8°C. As a Sapporo resident, I would like to visit Sapporo at least once in a while. As a resident of Sapporo, I am always nervous when we get a heavy snowfall, but this time it is not so clear. I am not sure when it will come, but psychologically, I am taking it like a period of “probation” (laugh). I have never been in trouble with the police in my life, except for traffic violations, and thanks to you, I have never been in such a situation in a court of law.
　Once a heavy snowfall comes, I feel more at ease. You can accept that kind of routine very naturally. It is easy to make plans on how to act. When you live in a detached house, the natural norm of “mutual aid” comes into play so as not to inconvenience your neighbors. You need to establish some kind of rules of conduct for snow removal and composting, for that season, to facilitate neighborly relations.
　Does this mean that a routine task will be established each morning? If the first snowstorm comes, the “this winter version” of it will be determined without denial. Then, even if I am not here, the rules are set and the householder just has to conform to them. A “path” will be established for the snow removal work every morning.
　I am grateful for the situation where we don’t have heavy snowfalls. I wish I could enjoy this situation a little more, but apparently I have become a skeptic (cries).
　However, it seems that the turmoil is continuing endlessly in Hyogo Prefecture, a warmer climate area, and apparently, it is pushing us into a phase like the state of the mass media. This is a very striking example of the situation in contemporary Japan. In that sense, this is truly a case that symbolizes our times. Now, let’s see.

Posted on 12月 4th, 2024 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究 | No Comments »

　写真は金沢城「五十軒長屋」の内観と外観。この建築の用途としては、この建築がその上に建てられている石垣・土塁が、門を破って侵入してきた敵勢の攻撃から「城内」を防御するものだったことは一目瞭然。石垣手前には堀も仕込まれているので、目的は明確でしょう。攻城側からすれば、この石垣に対してそれをよじ登って城中の守備勢を殲滅するということは、大砲ででも攻撃する以外、考えられないだろう。江戸初期ということであるので、すでに大阪の陣で決定力を発揮した大砲という軍事進化はあったにせよ、鉄砲などの攻勢への対応力として必要十分と考えたものでしょう。ほぼ全面で確保された長大な開口部から、敵勢に対して弓矢鉄砲で打撃を加える機能性。
　また防衛守備側としては、長大な「防衛ライン」死守のために広大な空間に武器弾薬を確保し、同時に兵の守備位置移動の随意性が確保されているということでしょうか。この主要な「動線」が少なくとも２方向でしっかり確保可能だろうと思えた。なによりも防衛側の機動力が機能的に確保されているというのが印象。また戦争局面の一挙的把握が可能だったとも思われる。


　こちらが展示されていた「構造模型」とその解説文。釘やボルトなどを使わない昔の製法で忠実に再建されているとのこと。 現在の五十間長屋は、平成13年に復元されたもの。
　解説文で興味深いのは「柱の断面が菱形をしているので接合方法が複雑」というくだり。江戸初期にこれだけの長大空間を造作するのに、その堅牢性確保のために、当時の木造建築技術での最新の工夫が盛り込まれたものだろうか。戦争施設として考えられる攻撃打撃に対しての衝撃緩和、木組みの粘着力・持久力を高める手法として採用されたと考えられる。まっすぐの木組みよりも方向性を複雑化させることで簡単に建築が崩壊しないように考えたのだろうか。木の匠技。
　さてこうした建築だけれど、やはり基本的な機能要素としてはこの石垣土塁の上に木造建築を乗っけることで、むしろその「地域権力の見える化」、領民に対して反抗する気力を萎えさせる視覚的「支配力」誇示効果が主体だったのだろうかと想像する。
　とくに「見たこともない」長大で直線的な造形の「堅固な壁面建築」は、威圧感を感じさせたに違いない。石垣土塁の上の機能性たっぷりの長大空間から、被支配者を見下ろす光景は、支配側の自己満足をもたらせたと考えられる。さらにそういう機能性の上に、美的な驚きも与えることで、より権威・権力の正統性を訴求したと言えるのだろうか。
　一向一揆という民衆型の難敵に対しその制圧に成功してきた加賀・前田家の戦略性を感じる。

English version⬇

Wooden Structure Analysis of “Gojuken Nagaya” in the Early Edo Period Kanazawa Castle-4
A long military fortification facility on top of a stone walled earthwork. Did its ironclad defensiveness and aesthetically pleasing appearance appeal to viewers and make them accept the legitimacy of the Kaga Maeda family? ・・・・.

　The photo shows the interior and exterior of the “Gojuken Nagaya” at Kanazawa Castle. As for the use of this structure, it is obvious that the stone wall and earthen mound on which it is built was to protect the “inside” of the castle from attacks by enemy forces who had broken through the gate. A moat is also built in front of the stone wall, so the purpose is clear. From the siege side, it would be unthinkable to climb up against this stone wall and annihilate the defenders inside the castle except by attacking with a cannon. Since this was in the early Edo period, even though there was already a military evolution in the form of cannons, which had already demonstrated their decisive power in the Osaka battle, it would have been considered necessary and sufficient as a response to the offensive force of guns and other weapons. The long, wide openings secured on almost the entire surface of the building provide the functionality to strike enemy forces with bows and arrows and guns.
　On the defensive side, the vast space for weapons and ammunition is secured to defend the long “defensive line,” and at the same time, the voluntary movement of soldiers to defensive positions is ensured. It seemed possible to secure this main “line of movement” in at least two directions. Above all, I was impressed by the fact that the mobility of the defenders is functionally secured. It also seems that it would have been possible to grasp the war phase in one fell swoop.

　This is the “structural model” on display and its explanatory text. It is said that the building was faithfully reconstructed using the old manufacturing method without using nails or bolts. The current 50-ken row house was reconstructed in 2001.
　What is interesting in the explanatory text is the statement that “the method of joining the pillars is complicated because of their diamond-shaped cross-sections. In order to create such a long and large space in the early Edo period, the latest innovations in wooden construction technology of the time must have been incorporated to ensure the robustness of the building. It is thought that the method was adopted to mitigate impact against possible attack blows as a war facility and to increase the adhesive strength and endurance of the wooden framework. Was the idea to prevent the architecture from collapsing easily by making the directionality more complex than straight wood framing? Master craftsmanship of wood.
　Although these structures were built in this way, I imagine that the basic function of the wooden structures on top of the stone walls and earthen mounds was to “visualize the power of the region” and to show off their “dominance” visually in order to dissuade the people from rebelling against them.
　In particular, the “solid wall architecture” of “never seen before” with its long, linear form must have been intimidating. The sight of the rulers looking down on their subjects from the long, functional space on top of the stone walls and earthen mounds must have given them a sense of self-satisfaction. Furthermore, by providing an aesthetic surprise on top of such functionality, could it be said that they appealed more to the legitimacy of their authority and power?
　We can sense the strategic nature of the Kaga Maeda family, which had succeeded in conquering a difficult popular enemy, the Ikko-Ichigoyo Revolt.

Posted on 12月 1st, 2024 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

本日も「金沢城」についてであります。歴史と建築の探訪は加齢とともに興味が深くなって仕方ありません。最近、量子物理学の研究者である田坂広志さんという方の「死は存在しない」という本を読み進めています。〜これまでの唯物論に基づく科学は、死後の世界の存在を否定してきた。それゆえ、死後の世界を肯定する宗教とは決して交わることが無かった。しかし近年、最先端量子科学が、一つの興味深い「仮説」を提示している。その「新たな仮説」は、「死後の世界」が存在する可能性を示唆している。〜っていうような刺激的な領域なんですね。
　わたしのような歴史大好き人間には、最先端科学とのきわめて有力な接点と感じられてやや興奮しております。昔人と現代人との時間を超えた対話ということからも近縁的だと思っています。書かれている言語の科学的厳密性にぐいぐいと引っ張られながら、自らの加齢を客観的に「見極める」ような心境であります。この読書体験についてはまた、徐々にまとめたいと考えています。
　大きく横道ですが、歴史の中の人物に迫っていく、同時にその残した建築・住宅についても最先端の迫り方があり得ますね。とくに金沢は宗教勢力と専制権力との修羅が繰り広げられていた。宗教というものがある種、超常的な人間体験を基礎として成立して来たものであるのに対して、軍事による専制体制、強力な中央権力による「現世利害」の貫徹・勝利という側面がみえる。
　この金沢城は、一向一揆の拠点である「金沢御堂」がその起点だとされています。1546（天正15）年、本願寺から僧侶が下向し「寺内町」が形成された。「御堂」というのは戦国期の一向宗宗教勢力の一種の城郭。大きく文化発展した北陸金沢の地は、地政的軍事的に枢要な地であったことが伝わってくる。一向宗がさかんだった北陸地方の門徒衆がその信仰の中心として経済的にも政治的にも本願寺を支える一大勢力になった。
　その宗教勢力根拠地を攻撃したのが、織田信長軍。全国でこの戦国の最終戦は苛烈をきわめて戦われた。事実上の日本の国内戦の最大の局面だったのだと思われます。
　その戦いは織田軍、柴田勝家とその甥の佐久間盛政による金沢御堂の占領によって終結した。そして占領後、佐久間盛政は一揆勢の反撃からこの要地を防御するために、さかんに城郭建築を行っていった。いまに残る金沢城の原形とされる。図は佐久間盛政の武人としての肖像。

English version⬇

Oda’s Army, Sakuma Morimasa and the Kanazawa Temple, Kanazawa Castle-2
Kanazawa Midou, the site of the final war in the Warring States period, where the religion based on supernatural phenomena and Oda Nobunaga’s army’s principle of action, “If you die, you have nothing” can be seen. …

Today, again, I would like to talk about Kanazawa Castle. Exploring history and architecture is something that interests me more and more as I age. Recently, I have been reading a book titled “Death Does Not Exist” by Hiroshi Tasaka, a quantum physics researcher. 〜˜Till now, science based on materialism has denied the existence of an afterlife. Therefore, it has never been in agreement with religions that affirm the existence of an afterlife. In recent years, however, cutting-edge quantum science has proposed an interesting hypothesis. This “new hypothesis” suggests the possibility of the existence of an afterlife. 〜It is such an exciting area, isn’t it?
　For a history buff like myself, I am somewhat excited because I feel that this is an extremely powerful connection with cutting-edge science. I think it’s also closely related to the timeless dialogue between the ancients and moderns. I am being pulled along by the scientific rigor of the written language, and I feel as if I am objectively “assessing” my own aging. I hope to write more about this reading experience in due course.
　This is a bit of a side road, but I think it is possible to approach historical figures and, at the same time, to approach the architecture and housing they left behind in a cutting-edge way. Especially in Kanazawa, a battle between religious forces and tyrannical power was being waged. Religion was based on a kind of supernatural human experience, whereas tyranny was based on military rule and the triumph of powerful central authority over the interests of the present world.
　The starting point of Kanazawa Castle is said to be the “Kanazawa Godo,” which was the base of the Ikko Putsch. 1546, priests from Honganji Temple were sent down to form the “Terauchi-machi” (temple town). The “Midou” was a kind of fortress for the religious power of the Ikkyu sect during the Warring States period. The Hokuriku Kanazawa area, which had developed into a major cultural center, was an important geopolitical and military center. The Hokuriku area, where the Ikkyu Sect was flourishing, became the center of religious belief and a major force supporting Honganji both economically and politically.
　Oda Nobunaga’s army attacked the religious power’s stronghold. This final battle of the warring states period was fought with great intensity throughout the country. It was probably the greatest phase of de facto domestic warfare in Japan.
　The battle ended with the capture of the Kanazawa Palace by Oda’s forces, Katsuie Shibata and his nephew Morimasa Sakuma. After the capture, Morimasa Sakuma began construction of a castle to defend this strategic location against the counterattack of the revolting forces. This is said to be the original form of Kanazawa Castle that remains today. The figure is a portrait of Sakuma Morimasa as a warrior.

Posted on 11月 29th, 2024 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

　写真は一昨日の札幌円山公園の池の様子。札幌はここのところようやく積雪したかと思ったら、ふたたび暖気が来てというような揺り戻し。全体としては温暖化のなかでの初冬、という季節模様。
　ここのところの日本国内の「不安定感」は、こうした気候変動というようなことが民心に大きく影響し、反映しているかのようだと思っています。本日は「日本全体の政治を含む社会構造」問題。
　石破政権というのは、こういう日本の現状をまっすぐに映し出している政権。もうすぐ予算関係の待ったなしの政局が動き始めるとき、否応なく暴風の中に突入していくのでしょうか。昨日、国民民主党の政策を受け入れることを記者発表したことで、当面は自公国という枠組みでの政権運営がこころみられていくのでしょうが、予算委員会の差配を野党第１党に明け渡しているので、どういう予算審議になっていくのか、まったく不透明な政局に突入する。
　一方で外交面では、たぶん外務省が相当以前から働きかけてきたと言われる「トランプシフト」も虚しく石破NOというすげない返事が返ってきて、日本外交の基軸・日米同盟に不安定要素が増してきている。また、一国の総理、それも世界で３位の経済大国のトップとしてまことに無自覚もしくは、端的にそれ以前のマナーの問題での人間的欠陥が白日の下にさらけ出されている。
　こういった状況を見ていると、今後の世界の中で日本国民は、相対的に国家の信用が低下していくことを覚悟しなければならないかも知れない。ヨーロッパではドイツもその地位をぐらつかせてきているけれど、それとも同様以上の国益の毀損がもたらされる可能性が高まっている。戦後世界で驚異的な経済成長を遂げて、世界の中でのひとつの安定要素を太平洋地域で築いてきた日本の地位が危殆に瀕している未曾有の状況を、この政権は日々さらけ出してきている。
　一方で、兵庫県知事選を象徴的な舞台として、民意についてのこれまでの社会構造に大きな変化が現れ始めている。政治とマスメディアが結びついて支配してきた構造それ自体が、大きく揺さぶられつつある。いまのところ、マスメディアはこれまでの既得権益死守というような報道を繰り返しているように見られる。また、そういう「付け入るスキ」も出来したりの混迷状況。
　さてこうした状況が早急に大きく安定に向かうかどうか、予断を許さない。これから未来の状況に安定するという構図はまだ見えていない。年末から来年度予算編成に向かっての予算案審議の行方、そしてトランプ政権の発足で、日本社会はどう対応できていくのだろうか？

English version⬇

Japanese society is in the midst of an uncertain early winter.
The shameful behavior of the government officials has gradually damaged the nation’s credibility. The next legitimacy to reverse the situation is yet to be seen. Must the people be prepared? …

　The photo shows the pond in Maruyama Park, Sapporo, the day before yesterday. Sapporo has been experiencing a swing back from finally having snow recently to having warm air again. Overall, the seasonal pattern is that of early winter in the midst of global warming.
　The recent “sense of instability” in Japan seems to be a reflection of such climate change, which is having a great impact on the public sentiment. Today’s issue is “social structure including politics of Japan as a whole.
　The Ishiba administration is an administration that is a straight reflection of this kind of current situation in Japan. When the budget-related wait-and-see political situation will soon begin to move, will we be plunged into a storm without denial? Yesterday, the government announced to the press that it would accept the policies of the KDP, and for the time being, it will probably try to manage the government within the framework of the autocratic government, but since it has handed over control of the Budget Committee to the first opposition party, we are entering a political situation where it is completely unclear what the budget deliberations will look like.
　Meanwhile, on the diplomatic front, the “Trump shift,” which the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been pushing for quite some time, has been met with a curt “no” from Ishiba, and the Japan-U.S. alliance, the cornerstone of Japanese diplomacy, is becoming increasingly unstable. In addition, as the prime minister of a country, the leader of the world’s third largest economy, he is either unaware of the fact that he is the prime minister of a country, or his human defects are exposed in the light of his mannerisms.
　In view of this situation, the Japanese people may have to be prepared for a relative decline in national credibility in the world in the future. In Europe, Germany’s position is wobbling, and the possibility of similar or greater damage to the national interest is increasing. This administration is daily exposing the unprecedented situation in which Japan, which has achieved phenomenal economic growth in the postwar world and established a stable element in the Pacific region, is now on the verge of a crisis.
　At the same time, a major change has begun to emerge in the conventional social structure of public opinion, with the Hyogo gubernatorial election as a symbolic stage for this change. The structure itself, which has been dominated by the combination of politics and the mass media, is being shaken to its core. At the moment, the mass media seem to be repeatedly reporting news that is intended to defend the vested interests of the past. In addition, there is a chaotic situation in which such “opportunities to take advantage of” have been created.
　It remains to be seen whether the situation will stabilize quickly and significantly. It does not appear that the future situation will stabilize in the near future. How will Japanese society be able to cope with the budget deliberations from the end of the year to the compilation of the next fiscal year’s budget, and with the inauguration of the Trump administration?

Posted on 11月 27th, 2024 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 状況・政治への発言 | No Comments »