昨日今日２日間は北海道が会場になっての国の住宅月間の中央イベント開催。
その一環としての岩見沢市での大工技能関連の催事に取材参加。
さきに「削ろう会」を見学して来ましたが、こちら詳細は明日以降に。
夕方からは鵤工舎・小川三夫氏講演・対談会に参加していました。
氏は、法隆寺宮大工・西岡常一さんの弟子。
西岡氏は法隆寺の昭和の改修工事に取り組んでいたが、
工法を巡って国の諮問機関「建築工学博士」たちから構造補強のために
金物補強すべきであるという方針指示を受けた際に
「打ち首にされても、そんなことはできない」とその方針を拒否したとされる。
いわば魂の部分でのその「正嫡」と言える存在が小川氏。
お話しからはまさに西岡さんの魂魄を身を以て受け継いでいる気迫が伝わる。
「宮大工は社寺仏閣専門であり、家を建てる家大工とは流れが違う」
「しかし、手業・魂魄としては同じ」というのが氏の考え。
北海道で家大工として技術の存続継承に強い思いを持つみなさんが参集された。

木と向き合って体で関わっていく大工仕事は内語しながらの営為。
体技としての大工技能については当方には素養は無く
その精神性の部分を共有するよう内語で翻訳しながら対話していた。
自分たちのそれぞれの仕事領域で経験する内語と比較しながら、
働くということの本質について対語することになるのが自然でしょう。
体技習得とは労働基準法みたいな社会制度とはモノサシが違う。
心得という本質部分ではそうであることは伝わってくる。
そしてそれは「日本のものづくり」の本質部分の解析でもあると思われた。
いま日本の円安が進行しているけれど、ある意味では
世界の資本主義からのサインとして世界の製造業の中心に
日本が復活すべきであると後押しされているようにも思える。
事実、いろいろな企業分野で日本に製造拠点を復元させる動きがある。
半導体の製造拠点が九州に作られたり、アイリスオーヤマが中国から撤退して
日本国内で製造ラインを再構築するという発表。
自動車企業でも中国の生産ラインをまったく区分けしてその他の世界で
生産ラインを独自に生成する取り組みが活発に展開してきている。
報道される事象をはるかに超えてこうした動きは加速しているのだろう。
戦後日本の復興はものづくり製造業が世界の需要の追い風を受けたものだった。
そういう現在認識のなかで小川氏の講演・対談は視点価値があると思われた。
課題はたくさんある。
会場からの声では「ひとづくり」教育現場での現状に絶望した悲嘆的発言も。
しかし、わたし的には日本の大工体技伝統に象徴される魂魄のコアな部分が
社会全体に根付いていることを信じたいと思います。
魂魄の部分でのものづくりパワーは
日本人の意識の底流に根強くあり続けていると信じて取り組んでいくしかない。

労働基準法のような枠組みは受容した上で、魂魄は根太く継承していく。
そう考えていくことで世界の中で「ものづくり大国・日本」は生き残れる。
そんな内語・期待感を反芻しながら帰路に着いていた。

English version⬇

What is the “Inheritance of Physical Skill”? Lecture and discussion by Mitsuo Ogawa, a member of the Japanese Manufacturing Industry]
The current depreciation of the yen is a tailwind for Japan’s manufacturing industry. In fact, the manufacturing industry is making a comeback in many business fields. Let us consider the spirit of monozukuri. ……

Yesterday and today, Hokkaido was the venue for the central event of the national housing month.
As part of the event, I covered a carpentry-related event in Iwamizawa City.
I visited the “Shirouki-ro-kai” (cutting workshop) earlier, but I will give you more details tomorrow.
In the evening, I attended a lecture and discussion with Mitsuo Ogawa of Ikaruga Kosha.
Mr. Ogawa is a disciple of Tsunekazu Nishioka, the master carpenter of Horyuji Temple.
Mr. Nishioka was working on the Showa renovation of Horyuji Temple.
He was working on the renovation of Horyuji Temple in the Showa period (1926-1989), when he received a directive from the national advisory body for structural reinforcement from “doctors of architectural engineering.
When he was instructed by the government’s advisory body, “architectural engineering doctors,” to reinforce the structure with metal reinforcement, Nishioka said
He is said to have rejected this policy, saying, “Even if I am beheaded, I cannot do such a thing.
Mr. Ogawa is the “legitimate heir” of Mr. Nishioka’s soul, so to speak.
His speech conveys the spirit of Mr. Nishioka, who has inherited his spirit and soul through his own body.
He said, “Shrine carpenters specialize in shrines, temples, and Buddhist temples, which is different from the process of house carpenters who build houses.
However, the handiwork and spirit of the carpenters are the same.
The participants were all carpenters in Hokkaido who have a strong desire to continue their skills as house carpenters.

Carpentry, which involves facing the wood with one’s body, is an activity done while speaking internally.
I have no background in carpentry skills as a physical skill.
We were talking to each other, translating in our own language so that we could share the spirituality of the work.
We were comparing the internal language of our own work with the internal language we experienced in our respective fields of work.
It would be natural to have a dialogue about the nature of work.
Physical skill acquisition is not the same thing as a social system like the Labor Standards Act.
It is conveyed that it is so in the essential part of “Kokoro Gakushu”.
And it seems to be an analysis of the essence of “Japanese monozukuri.
The yen is weakening in Japan, but in a sense, it is a sign from the world capitalism that the world’s manufacturing system is not the same as Japan’s.
It is a sign from the world capitalism that Japan should revive its position at the center of the world’s manufacturing industry.
Japan should revive its position as the center of the world’s manufacturing industry.
In fact, there is a movement to restore manufacturing bases in Japan in various business fields.
There have been announcements that semiconductor manufacturing facilities will be built in Kyushu, that Iris Okayama will withdraw from China and rebuild its manufacturing lines in Japan, and so on.
Iris Okayama has announced that it will withdraw from China and rebuild its manufacturing line in Japan.
Automobile companies are also moving to create their own production lines in other parts of the world by completely separating their production lines in China from the rest of the world.
The trend is far beyond what is reported in the media.
These developments are probably accelerating far beyond what is reported in the media.
Japan’s postwar revival was a result of the manufacturing industry benefiting from a tailwind of global demand.
In this context, I thought Mr. Ogawa’s lecture and discussion were worthwhile.
There are many issues to be addressed.
Some in the audience expressed despair over the current state of “human resource development” in the field of education.
However, I would like to believe that the core of the spirit symbolized by the Japanese carpentry tradition has taken root in the society as a whole.
I would like to believe that the core of the spirit and soul symbolized by the Japanese carpentry tradition has taken root in the society as a whole.
The power of monozukuri in the spirit of the soul is
We have no choice but to work on it, believing that it continues to be deeply rooted in the undercurrent of the Japanese people’s consciousness.

While accepting a framework such as the Labor Standards Law, the spirit of monozukuri must be passed on from generation to generation.
By thinking in this way, “Japan, a manufacturing powerhouse,” can survive in the world.
I was on my way back home, ruminating on such internal words and expectations.

Posted on 10月 16th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: こちら発行人です, 日本社会・文化研究 | No Comments »

日本列島に残る旧石器時代人の痕跡・遺跡からの時代相探索。
時間にして37,000年前から縄文開始の約13,000年前まで
25,000年間くらいの時代相が相当する。
人間の世代更新をおおまかに20才として考えれば、1,250世代。
ジオラマのような親子の知恵の継承が不断に行われ続けた。
石器へのさまざまな工夫をもって人類は生き抜いてきた。
ちょうど子どもが石に向かって鋭利な注意力を向けている様子。
それを見つめる父親の表情になんともいえない感情がこもっている。

「この石、こんなふうに割れるんだ。この断面なら、こう使えるかなぁ」
「ようやくこいつも石器の向上に注意を持ち始めたか・・・」

石に向かって自分たちの生き方を進歩させる工夫を凝らす。
もっとも普遍的に存在する利器としての石を
道具にしていくという飛躍とその発展ぶりにこそ、
人類進化のさまざまな「要素」が発現していったのでしょう。
その要素が「止揚」されて現代世界にまで技術痕跡として繋がっている。
これは確実に存在した歴史事実。
イラスト表現では「直接打撃・間接打撃・押圧剥離」という技術手法解説。
人間という動物種が知恵というものを進化させたルーツ。
生き延びてくる中でいっときも休むことなく繰り返された営為。
「その割れ方はな、こうやればできるんだぞ」
「そうなんだ、でもこうやったらもっと良くないかなぁ、父ちゃん」
「おお、そういうのもアリだなぁ・・・」
たぶん進化のプロセスはこういう会話からだったのだろう。
こういう親子対話が1,250世代にわたって繰り返された結果、
進化プロセスが飽和沸点を超えて、時代画期として縄文の世が始まった。

道具を使ってより暮らしやすい環境を現実世界で実現する。
それまでの動物種にはみられない特殊な発展が人類だけに可能になった。
この石器の進化は同時代的に世界各地で進行して
やがてカミソリ状の鋭利な石器を組み合わせる細石刃文化に極まっていく。
石器時代の「最先端技術」。
この文化はシベリア・中国北部・朝鮮半島・日本列島と周辺全域に広がった。
列島での嚆矢は25,000年前頃、大陸と地続きだった北海道にやってきた。
以降その文化は広く日本列島に伝播していったとされる。
発展に当たって北海道白滝村地域の世界最高レベルの純度の黒曜石が
最高の原料とされ、その発掘生産のための社会組織的痕跡まで見られる。
「これメッチャいいべや〜、みんな欲しがるに違いない」
「こりゃぁ発掘の専門組織や、製品化の場所も必要だな・・・」
というような分業化の痕跡が見られるのだという。
世界規模での情報共有が相当の速度で伝わったことが推認される。
まさに道具の進化は情報交流の進化ももたらしたのだろう。
先人たちの生き抜く知恵に圧倒される。・・・

English version⬇

The History of Human Evolution in Stone Tools: The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 9
The Stone Age’s most advanced technology, the “fine stone blade culture. Optimization of use brings about social development. Wide-area distribution and the development of information technology also progressed. The Stone Age

A search for chronological phases from the traces and remains of Paleolithic man in the Japanese archipelago.
From 37,000 years ago in time to about 13,000 years ago at the start of the Jomon period.
This corresponds to a period of about 25,000 years.
If we assume that the human generation renewal is roughly 20 years old, it is 1,250 generations.
Like a diorama, the wisdom of parents and children continued to be passed down from generation to generation.
Humans have survived through various innovations in stone tools.
A child is just turning his sharp attention toward a stone.
The father’s expression as he gazes at the child is filled with indescribable emotion.

The father’s face is filled with indescribable emotion as he looks at the stone. I wonder if this section can be used like this.
Finally, he is beginning to pay attention to the improvement of stone tools…”

They devise ways to advance their own way of life toward the stone.
The stone as the most universally existing useful tool.
The leap of turning stone into a tool and its development is what
The elements of human evolution were expressed in the leap and development of using stone as a tool.
These elements have been “sublimated” and connected to the modern world as technological traces.
This is a historical fact that has certainly existed.
In the illustration, the technical technique of “direct blow, indirect blow, and pressure peeling” is explained.
The roots of the evolution of wisdom in the animal species called human beings.
An activity that has been repeated without a moment’s pause in the course of survival.
You can do that cracking by doing it like this.
“Yes, but wouldn’t it be better this way, Dad?”
“Oh, that’s a good idea…”
Perhaps the evolutionary process began with these conversations.
After 1,250 generations of this kind of parent-child dialogue, the evolutionary process has reached a saturation boiling point.
The evolutionary process reached a saturation boiling point, and the Jomon period began.

We use tools to create a more comfortable living environment in the real world.
This special development, not seen in previous animal species, was possible only for humans.
This evolution of stone tools proceeded contemporaneously in various parts of the world.
This evolution of stone tools progressed contemporaneously in many parts of the world, eventually culminating in the fine stone blade culture, which combined razor-sharp stone tools.
This was the “cutting edge technology” of the Stone Age.
This culture spread throughout Siberia, northern China, the Korean peninsula, the Japanese archipelago, and surrounding areas.
The first pioneering example of this culture in the archipelago came to Hokkaido, which was connected to the continent around 25,000 years ago.
Since then, the culture is believed to have spread widely throughout the Japanese archipelago.
The world’s purest obsidian from the Shirataki Village area of Hokkaido was considered the best raw material for the development of the culture.
The obsidian found in the Shirataki Village area of Hokkaido was considered to be the best raw material, and there are even traces of the social organization that was involved in its excavation and production.
This is so good, everyone will want it.
“This is great, everyone will want it…” “We need an organization specializing in excavation and a place to commercialize it…”
We need an organization specializing in excavation and a place to commercialize the product….
It can be inferred that information sharing on a global scale was transmitted at a considerable speed.
The evolution of tools must have brought about the evolution of information exchange.
I am overwhelmed by the wisdom of our ancestors to survive. The wisdom of our ancestors to survive is overwhelming.

Posted on 10月 14th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

石器時代は動物の狩猟が基本生業であり、生産物確保手段。
日本列島各地にたくさんの遺跡が遺され、
社会としては集落もあり、それぞれの間での交易も活発に展開した。
しかし基本生業が狩猟である以上、その社会密度は対象の絶対数に依存する。
日本旧石器学会が2010年に集計した遺跡データベースによると、日本列島では
旧石器時代と縄文時代草創期の遺跡/文化層の総計は16771。内訳としては
旧石器時代14542と縄文時代草創期2526となる。 重複文化層を１遺跡として
遺跡単位で数えると旧石器時代遺跡が10150、縄文時代草創期遺跡が2432。
およそ22,000年期間の旧石器、13,000年期間の縄文と考えれば、
遺跡の数自体は旧石器遺跡の数は多いと言える。
しかし社会的生産手段の人口維持力を考えれば、集住に適した縄文と
より広域展開が必要だった旧石器というように対比できるのだろう。
現代人はすでにこういう狩猟の経験知、能力を喪失しているが、
たぶんまったく違う能力に「止揚」されて保持しているのだろう。

イラストとジオラマで槍投げでの捕獲と落とし穴猟を比較して考えて見る。
槍での捕獲というのは確率的にどうなのだろうかと思われる。
射手の腕という非科学的な要素で生産効率が左右されざるを得ない。
また獲物の側でも、なんどか危地を脱すると経験知が向上して
より対人類で安全側行動に学習していく可能性が高いと思われる。
「こないだ、仲間がやられたから、もっと注意しよう」と。
一方で落とし穴猟については、より計画的な狩猟が可能だったように思える。


図で示されているように獲物動物の群を人間集団が追い込んで
定置的に待ち伏せすることで、生産効率は高まったのではないか。
またあきらかに個人技の世界から集団知能の世界に地平が変化した。
より戦略的、計画的な知能発達が促進されたのではと思われる。
このあたりの社会的経緯について説明開示されてはいなかった。
言ってみれば「だましのテクニック」だが、こういう動物心理を見抜いて
それを先回りしてコントロールする「工夫」は同時に
対人関係へも応用利用されていったことが容易に考えられる。
社会を操作する知的快感・悪だくみに目覚めるきっかけとして機能したかも。

まぁ、この間37,000年だから類としての知能向上、DNA進化がどれほどかは
よくわからない。しかし現生人類史から言えば半分程度の時間ではある。
この間でどのように進化したのか、その内容はぜひ確認したいと思う。
現生人類の出アフリカはおおむね7-8万年前とされるけれど、
それと対比してもこの列島での経験知蓄積は相当長期だと言えるのでしょう。
そして進化の過程に日本列島の地域性ということも大きく関与した可能性。
一方で、人類は交易を通して相当広範囲に進化を共有したと考えられる。
現実に黒曜石のような鋭利で利用性の高い素材は広範囲に流通した。
そうした情報共有には具体的には「分業」のような機能が働いたかどうか、
交易者というような存在が専門的に知恵の共有に役立ったか。
どんどんと疑問と興味の規模が拡大して止まらない（笑）。・・・

English version⬇

Throwing Spears and Pitfalls The 37,000-Year History of the Japanese Archipelago – 7
The evolution of technology in the Stone Age occupation of hunting. Pitfall hunting brought advanced “deception” techniques and became the basis of “psychological manipulation” technology? …….

In the Stone Age, hunting animals was the basic livelihood and means of securing products.
Many archaeological sites have been found throughout the Japanese archipelago.
There are many archaeological sites throughout the Japanese archipelago, and as a society, there were settlements, and trade between them developed actively.
However, since hunting is the basic occupation, the social density of the society depends on the absolute number of the target population.
According to the archaeological site database compiled by the Paleolithic Society of Japan in 2010, in the Japanese archipelago
The total number of Paleolithic and Pioneer Jomon Period sites/cultural strata is 16771, broken down as follows.
Paleolithic 14542 and Jomon Period 2526. If the overlapping cultural layers are counted as one site, the total number of sites per cultural layer is
The Paleolithic period is 10150 sites and the Jomon period is 2432 sites.
If we consider the Paleolithic period of approximately 22,000 years and the Jomon period of 13,000 years, then the number of sites itself is about the same as the number of Paleolithic sites.
The number of Paleolithic sites itself can be said to be large.
However, considering the ability of the social means of production to sustain a population, the Jomon, which was suited to residential concentration
The Jomon, however, had a social means of production and population maintenance, and the Paleolithic required a wider area of development.

Modern humans have already lost the ability and experience to hunt.
Perhaps they have been “sublimated” into a completely different ability and retained.
Let’s compare spear-throwing and pitfall hunting in the illustration and diorama.
One wonders about the probability of capture by spear.
The production efficiency must be affected by the unscientific factor of the archer’s skill.
Also, on the part of the prey, if it escapes from danger several times, its experiential knowledge will improve, and it will be more likely to act on the safe side with humans.
It is highly likely that the prey will learn to behave more humanely and safely.
The other day, one of my friends got hit, so I’ll be more careful.
On the other hand, for pitfall hunting, it seems that more systematic hunting was possible.
As shown in the figure, a group of humans could drive a group of prey animals into a herd and ambush them in a fixed position.
The production efficiency may have been enhanced by the fixed ambush of a group of prey animals as shown in the figure.
Also, clearly, the horizon has changed from a world of individual skill to a world of collective intelligence.
This may have promoted more strategic and systematic development of intelligence.
The social background of this change was not explained or disclosed.
It is a “trick technique,” if you will.
and controlling it in advance is also applied to interpersonal relationships.
It is easy to imagine that this kind of “ingenuity” to detect and control animal psychology was applied to interpersonal relationships as well.
It may have served as an opportunity to awaken to the intellectual pleasure of social manipulation and deception.

Well, it has been 37,000 years, so I am not sure how much we have improved our intelligence as a species, or how much our DNA has evolved.
I am not sure. However, it is about half of the time in the history of the present human species.
I would like to see how we have evolved during this period.
Although it is said that the first humans appeared in Africa about 70,000 to 80,000 years ago, the history of the present human species is still very different from that of the past.
In contrast to this, the accumulation of empirical knowledge in this archipelago is quite long.
The regional nature of the Japanese archipelago may also have played a significant role in the evolutionary process.
On the other hand, humans are thought to have shared their evolution over a fairly wide area through trade.
In fact, sharp and highly useful materials such as obsidian were distributed over a wide area.
I wonder whether such information sharing involved a specific “division of labor” function.
Did such entities as traders help to share wisdom in a specialized way?
The scale of my questions and interests keeps growing and growing, and I can’t stop (laughs). …

Posted on 10月 12th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 日本社会・文化研究, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »

石器時代の主要な「生業」である動物の狩猟について
それを起点としたさまざまな生産活動を考えさせられています。
本日は動物皮革を「なめして」衣類を生み出していく作業について
ジオラマとか、現代でも狩猟社会伝統を維持する北方民の様子の写真。
木と石器を組み合わせて道具を工夫して、動物皮革を衣類に変えていく作業。

〜旧石器時代の遺跡からは皮なめし用の石器が多く見つかる。
現代よりも寒冷な最終氷期に暮らす人類にとって、
防寒用のあたたかい衣類を作るのに毛皮はとくに重要だった。
現代に存続する北方民族の事例を見るとこうした皮なめしは女性の仕事。〜
という解説文が付されていた。
上のジオラマ展示ではお母さんと女の子とおぼしき２人が写っている。
お母さんは大きな皮革に赤い顔料をかけているような作業中か、
あるいはその上で加工作業に取り組んでいるのかも知れない。
女の子は手に針と糸を持って皮革に加工を施している様子。
そのふたりとも生成りの動物皮革の衣類を身にまとっている。
その後の人類年代でも「衣を織る」作業は女性の労働領域。
そもそも性差による作業分担としてファッションに関わる領域は女性が
担ってきたのが、人類史の普遍的な事実なのだろう。
「キャー、わたしにもできた、やった〜」
「あら、針仕事、上手になって来たわね（笑）」
「あなたは手先が器用でわたしに似てるからきっといい服を作れるわよ」
「うん、任せて！」
一方の現代北方民族の女性の皮なめしの実演風景。
トナカイの足の部分の皮革をスクレイパー（外面の付着物、堆積物を
削ったりこそげとる刃状・へら状器具）で削っている。
体技としても合理性の感じられる動きを示している。
作業の成果物を最終的にイメージしながら、よりよい生産物を目指した。
手許の皮革に向かって祈りを込めているようなきわめて人間的な姿。

そして読者のNさんからいつも指摘されるけれど、人類の最大の発明としての
「針と糸」がこうしたファッションの原点に位置する。
〜世界一古い針はロシア・アルタイ山脈のデニソワ洞窟で発見されました。
この針には糸を通す針穴も開いており、放射性炭素年代測定によって
５万年前に作られたことが判明。針の長さは7.6㎝で鳥の骨から作られている。
この針は、極寒のシベリアで毛皮を縫って衣服を作ることに
使われていたと思われます。針の形状も現在私たちが使っている針と
全く変わっておりません。＜萬国製針　株式会社HPより＞〜
人類史の中で「寒冷化」は重要な発展環境要素であったことがわかる。・・・

English version⬇

Fashion has been a woman’s domain since the Stone Age. 37,000 Year History of the Japanese Islands – 5
Hey mom, I want to be able to make more beautiful clothes (sparkles). Women’s strong desire for beauty, DNA…

The hunting of animals, the main “livelihood” of the Stone Age
This makes us think about the various production activities that originated from it.
Today, we will discuss the process of “tanning” animal hides to produce clothing.
A diorama and photos of the northern people who maintain their hunting traditions even today.
The process of transforming animal hides into clothing by combining wood and stone tools and devising tools.

〜Many stone tools for leather tanning have been found at Paleolithic sites.
For humans living in the last ice age, which was colder than the present day, it was important to have warm clothing for protection from the cold.
Fur was especially important for making warm clothing for protection against the cold.
In the case of the northern peoples who still exist today, such tanning was the work of women. 〜The tannery was located in the northern region of the country.
The diorama above shows a mother and her child.
The diorama above shows a mother, a girl, and two people who appear to be girls.
The mother may be applying red pigment to a large piece of leather, or she may be working on it.
Or she may be working on it.
The girl appears to be working on the leather with a needle and thread in her hand.
Both of them are wearing rawhide clothing.
Weaving garments was a female labor area even in later human periods.
In the beginning, women have been responsible for the division of labor according to gender in areas related to fashion.
It is a universal fact of human history that women have been responsible for fashion.
“Wow, I can do it too, I did it!
“Oh, you’re getting good at needlework.
“You’re so good with your hands and you’re just like me, I’m sure you’ll make great clothes.
“Yes, I can!”
On the other hand, a woman from the modern northern tribe demonstrates how to tan a hide.
A woman demonstrates the tanning of reindeer hides with a scraper (a blade that scrapes off deposits on the outer surface of the hides).
The tanner is using a scraper (a blade or spatula-like tool to scrape or scrape off deposits on the outer surface) to scrape the leather from the reindeer feet.
The movement is also a physical exercise with a sense of rationality.
The final product of the work was imagined as he worked toward a better product.
It is an extremely human figure, as if he is praying to the leather at hand.

And as reader N always points out, the “needle and thread” as the greatest invention of mankind
The needle and thread” as the greatest invention of mankind is located at the origin of this fashion.
〜The oldest needle in the world was discovered in Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of Russia.
The needle also has a needle hole for thread, and radiocarbon dating has revealed that it was made 50,000 years ago.
Radiocarbon dating revealed that it was made 50,000 years ago. The needle is 7.6 cm long and made from bird bone.
This needle is thought to have been used for sewing fur to make clothing in the extreme cold of Siberia.
The shape of the needle is also similar to that we use today. The shape of the needles is exactly the same as the needles we use today.
The shape of the needles is exactly the same as the needles we use today. ＜From the website of Bankoku Seihin Co.
It is clear that “cold weather” was an important environmental factor in the development of human history. …….

Posted on 10月 10th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 未分類 | No Comments »

石器時代の住まいのカタチはどんなものだろうか？
こういう直接的な疑問に対して最新の考古・歴史学は探究が及んできている。
図版は千葉県墨古沢遺跡HPと国立歴史民俗博物館・先史展示パネルより。

移動採集生活、という漠然としたライフスタイルが石器時代の暮らしと
これまでの探究結果で示されてきたけれど、
ここでは34,000年前の「千葉県墨古沢遺跡・環状ブロック群」が展示。
以下、パネルに記載されたテキストを書き出してみる。
〜南北67m、東西60mの範囲で石器１万点が集中的に分布し、日本最大級。
サークル状に分布する石器・石屑の集中痕跡が各地で発見されてきて
「環状ブロック群」と呼ばれている。遊動生活を送る狩猟採集民が１箇所に集まった
大規模なムラ、キャンプの跡だったかもしれない。〜
〜大型動物を狩猟するためには複数の集団が集まった「狩りのムラ」という説や
季節的な遊動スケジュールの中で食料などさまざまな生活必需品を交換するために
集まったムラなど諸説があり実態はナゾである。〜
〜旧石器時代には「竪穴住居」は見つかっておらず、
移動可能なテント状の住居が主流だった。キャンプから数キロ圏内で食料を確保。
季節的に移動する動物や季節毎に変化する果樹などの資源に応じて
キャンプ場自体を移動させながら暮らしていた。〜

これまで定住は縄文以降であって石器時代に集落痕跡というのは
こうして実証的な解析結果が示されて初めてそのありようを知った。
人間というのは「人の間」と書くし、必ず類的に生きてきたのだと思いつつ、
縄文以前のライフスタイルは無明の闇の中にあった。
それがこういう遺跡発掘・研究の結果、あきらかになって来ている。
社会的相互扶助なく個人や家族単位程度で独立的に生存し続ける方が
たしかに「理不尽」だと気付かされる。
より大型の動物狩猟を考えれば協働した方が効率は飛躍的に高まるし
テント生活も寄り集まった方が危険への防衛力も高まる。
食糧確保・生産管理という共同体としてこれは「ムラ」と呼んでいいのではないか。
そしてこの時代の住居とはテントだろうし、その骨材は木材であり
面材としては大型動物の皮革だっただろうことが想定される。
より大型の動物ほど、利用可能な皮革は大きい。
展示では男性は狩猟を担当し、女性はその動物皮革を「なめす」仕事を担当していた。
出産育児という定点的役割主体の女性と、狩猟での戦闘行為を期待される男性
という役割分担は蓋然性が高いと思える。

このあとの縄文では主に居住域は海辺・水辺に寄っていく。
日本列島は海に囲まれている有利性があるので
より安定的な動物タンパク源確保策としてこのことはわかりやすい。
漁撈が主体になると食料獲得がより安定したので定住の社会基盤が整った。
そういう結果、大型動物皮革獲得があまり期待できなくなって
住居進化の面を考えると屋根面材は周辺の茅などの植物性素材に変化していった。
さらに定住になると、居住「性能向上」の工夫が始まって
安定した地熱利用が考えられ地面を掘り下げる竪穴に向かったのではないか。
そんな巨視的な「都市と住まいの流れ」が見晴らせるように思われた。

English version⬇

A 34,000 Year Old Mura? Ring Camp 37,000 Years of the Japanese Archipelago – 3]
Empirical analysis of a Stone Age settlement. Traces of existence of social mutual aid. People have lived analogously among people. …

What did Stone Age dwellings look like?
The latest archaeological and historical studies are exploring these direct questions.
Illustrations are from the website of the Sumikosawa Site, Chiba Prefecture, and the prehistoric exhibition panel at the National Museum of Japanese History.

Although the vague lifestyle of migratory gatherers has been shown to have been a Stone Age way of life, it is not clear how it could have been a prehistoric way of life.
The results of previous research have shown that this was the lifestyle of the Stone Age.
The “Sumikosawa Site, Chiba Prefecture, Circular Block Group” from 34,000 years ago is on display here.
The following is a written description of the text on the panel.
〜The site is one of the largest in Japan, with 10,000 stone tools concentrated in an area measuring 67 m from north to south and 60 m from east to west.
The traces of concentrated stone tools and stone garbage distributed in a circle shape have been found in various places, and are called the “Circle Block Group”.
These are called “Circle Block Groups. This may have been the site of a large village or camp where hunter-gatherers who led a nomadic life gathered in one place.
It may have been the remains of a large scale village or camp where hunter-gatherers engaged in a nomadic lifestyle gathered in one place. ~.
~The theory of “hunting villages” where multiple groups of people gathered to hunt large animals, or
to exchange various necessities of life such as food during the seasonal migratory schedule.
The actual situation is a mystery. 〜The actual situation is a mystery.
〜Pit dwellings were not found in the Paleolithic period.
The main type of dwelling was a tent-like structure that could be moved around. Food was secured within a few kilometers of the camp.
According to resources such as seasonally migrating animals and seasonally changing fruit trees
The campsite itself was moved to accommodate the seasonal movements of animals, fruit trees, and other resources. ~.

Until now, settlement has only been possible since the Jomon period, and traces of settlements in the Stone Age have not been documented.
I have never known the existence of such traces until the results of this empirical analysis were presented.
I have always thought that humans have always lived in a similar way, but I have never understood the pre-Jomon lifestyle.
However, the pre-Jomon lifestyle was in the darkness of obscurity.
This is becoming clear as a result of excavation and research of archaeological sites.
It is more “unreasonable” to continue to live independently as an individual or a family unit without social mutual support.
It is indeed “unreasonable” to continue to survive independently as an individual or family unit without social mutual support.
If we consider hunting larger animals, it is much more efficient to work together.
And in the case of living in tents, gathering together increases the ability to defend against danger.
As a community for securing food and managing production, this could be called a “mura” (village).
The housing of this period would have been tents, and the aggregate material would have been wood.
The aggregate material would have been wood, and the surface material would have been large animal hides.
The larger the animal, the more hides were available.
In the exhibit, men were in charge of hunting and women were in charge of “tanning” the animal hides.
The division of roles between women, who are expected to play a fixed role in childbirth and childcare, and men, who are expected to engage in combat activities in hunting, is a probable outcome.
The division of roles between women and men seems highly probable.

In the Jomon period that followed, the main residential areas moved closer to the seashore and waterfront.
The Japanese archipelago has the advantage of being surrounded by the sea
This is easy to understand as a measure to secure a more stable source of animal protein.
When fishing became the main occupation, food acquisition became more stable and the social foundation for settlement was established.
As a result, the acquisition of large animal hides is no longer expected.
In terms of housing evolution, roofing materials changed to vegetable materials such as thatch in the surrounding area.
In addition, as settlement progressed, people began to devise ways to “improve the performance” of their homes, and the use of stable geothermal heat became a possibility.
The use of stable geothermal heat may have led to the use of pit-type dugouts.
It seemed to me that we could see such a macroscopic “flow of cities and housing.

Posted on 10月 8th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 住宅マーケティング, 歴史探訪 | No Comments »