さてきのうは北海道の住宅施策の諮問会議に参加しておりました。
いまのところキャッチフレーズ的な名称はまだ決まっていませんが、
「北方型住宅ZEH/ゼロカーボンモデル」という概念で住宅仕様を考えている。

北海道は明治開拓期以来、日本にとって新開拓地域として
多くの日本人が定住することが国家的命題として追究された。
現代でもその基本構図が変わらないロシアの南下領土欲求に対して
もっとも確実で有効性の高い「国防」施策として
多数の日本人の移住促進、定住の安定化が目指された。
北海道開拓使という時限的「中央省庁」が設立され
のちに総理大臣にも就任した黒田清隆らが心血を注いだ。
明治初年の箱館戦争で国を統一させてすぐに引き続いて、
樺太での対ロ交渉によって北海道の日本領土を確定させて以降、
黒田清隆は世界中を巡り歩いて、寒冷気候に対応できる日本人の家を
研究し続けた。自ら屋根に上がって工事までしていた逸話が残っている。
外交交渉でなんとか北海道の日本帰属を確定させたけれど、
本当の国防的勝利とは北海道に多数の日本人が移り住むことだった。
ロシアの住宅などにも樺太で接し一時期はログハウスにも強い興味を持ち
実際に実験的に建築させたりしていた。
しかし最終的にはアメリカ北東部の住宅仕様を基本にして
アメリカ人住宅技術者たちを「お雇い外国人」として採用し、
札幌などの都市建設に当たらせた。
できあがった札幌の市街景観は目指すべき「坂の上の雲」を日本人に見せた。
明治以降の日本国家の基調、欧米キャッチアップにおいて
北海道はその巨大な実験室、文明受容・先進性文化の展示場だったのだろう。
明治帝は開拓使の仕上げとして行幸されたが、
船で上陸した小樽から当時の最先端文明装置・鉄道で札幌まで移動された。
明治帝が象徴の日本総体は北海道を欧米移植実験地として見る文化が根付いた。

しかし北米に於いても、この時代相のなかでは断熱気密という
根源的住宅要素技術は木造工法段階でとどまっており、基本の大工技術は
日本の開放建築工法であって寒冷地住宅として合目的的とは言えなかった。
中央省庁・北海道開拓使の時代が終わったあと、
寒冷地住宅の工法革命は戦後になってようやく実質が始められた。
日本建築に「寒冷地であたたかい家はどう作るの？」と問いかけ続けたが
無い袖は振れないという対応だったのだ。
結局北海道は、北欧北米との情報共有によって技術基盤を確立できた。
黒田清隆の奮闘の正しさは100年程度の時間経過の後、ようやく浸透した。

ことし国の住生活月間の中央イベント会場は札幌開催。
同時開催で北海道も最新の住宅イベントを予定している。
いま現在の北海道の住宅文化の羅針盤を示すことにもなる。
ふつうの北海道人の家づくり意識を主役に据えた制度設計を目指したい。

English version⬇

2022 Housing Month Central Event + Hokkaido-Housing Fair
A desire for high-performance housing for the entire region since the Meiji pioneering period. The contemporary compass design of Hokkaido housing, always keeping an eye on future forms. The design of the modern compass of Hokkaido housing, which has always been looking to the future form.

Yesterday, I attended a meeting of the Hokkaido Housing Policy Advisory Council.
At the moment, we have not yet decided on a catchphrase-like name for the project.
We are considering housing specifications based on the concept of “Northern Style Housing ZEH/Zero Carbon Model.

Hokkaido has been a new frontier region for Japan since the Meiji era (1868-1912).
Hokkaido was pursued as a national proposition for the settlement of many Japanese people as a new frontier region for Japan since the Meiji era.
Even today, the basic structure of this concept remains the same, and it is the most reliable and effective way to respond to Russia’s desire for territory to the south.
As the most reliable and effective “national defense” measure
The goal was to promote the emigration of large numbers of Japanese and to stabilize the settlement of Japanese.
A temporary “central ministry” called the Hokkaido Kaitakushi (Hokkaido Development Office) was established.
Kiyotaka Kuroda, who later became prime minister, and others devoted themselves to the project.
The Hakodate War of the first year of the Meiji era united the country, and soon after, negotiations with
After establishing Japanese territory in Hokkaido through negotiations with Russia in Sakhalin, Kuroda Kiyotaka traveled around the world.
Kiyotaka Kuroda traveled around the world to find a Japanese house that could cope with the cold climate.
He even climbed up on the roof and built it himself. There is an anecdote that he even went up on the roof himself to do construction work.
Although he managed to secure Japan’s claim to Hokkaido through diplomatic negotiations, it was not a real victory in terms of national defense.
The real victory in terms of national defense was the relocation of a large number of Japanese people to Hokkaido.
In Sakhalin, he came into contact with Russian housing and for a time had a strong interest in log cabins, and actually had log cabins built on an experimental basis.
He was even allowed to experiment with log houses.
In the end, however, he decided to build a log house based on the specifications of houses in the northeastern United States.
He hired American housing engineers as “hired foreigners,” and
They were hired as “hired foreigners” to build cities such as Sapporo.
The resulting cityscape of Sapporo showed the Japanese the world of “clouds over the hill” that they should aspire to.
Hokkaido was a huge laboratory for the Japanese nation’s post-Meiji efforts to catch up with Europe and the United States.
Hokkaido was a huge laboratory, an exhibition hall for the acceptance of civilization and advanced culture.
The Meiji Emperor went to Hokkaido as the finishing touch of his mission to develop the island.
He traveled from Otaru, where he landed by ship, to Sapporo by rail, the most advanced civilization equipment of the time.
The Japanese culture, as symbolized by the Meiji Emperor, had taken root in Hokkaido as a test site for Western transplants.

However, even in North America, the fundamental housing element technology of heat insulation and airtightness was not developed in this period.
The basic housing element technology of heat insulation and airtightness remained at the wooden construction stage, and the basic carpentry techniques were based on the open construction methods of Japanese building technology.
The basic carpentry techniques were not suitable for cold-weather housing, as they were based on open construction methods of Japanese building techniques.
After the era of the central government and the Hokkaido Settlement Administration ended, a revolution in cold-weather housing construction methods began to take place.
The revolution in cold-weather housing finally began to take shape in the postwar period.
The existing Japanese architecture kept asking the question, “How do you make a warm house in a cold region? but the response was that it was impossible to make a warm house in a cold climate.
The response was that they could not give up what they did not have.
In the end, Hokkaido was able to establish a technical foundation by sharing information with Northern Europe and North America.
The correctness of Kiyotaka Kuroda’s efforts finally became widespread after a lapse of about 100 years.

The central event venue for the country’s Housing and Living Month this year was Sapporo.
Hokkaido also plans to hold its latest housing event at the same time.
The event will also serve as a compass for Hokkaido’s current housing culture.
We would like to design a system that places the home-building consciousness of ordinary Hokkaido residents at the center of the event.

Posted on 7月 29th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 住宅マーケティング, 住宅性能・設備 | No Comments »

感染症による世界経済の変調はさまざまな影響を及ぼしてきていますが、
建築関係で直接的なことは半導体不足による各種製品の値上がりや品不足。
上の品不足情報のようにとくに「給湯器」の逼迫ぶりが顕著。

そういう情報をよくわかっていたなかで、わが家の給湯器に異変。
なんと、家の中で石油臭い異臭がしたのであります。
わが家では暖房ボイラーと給湯ボイラー両方がある。
暖房用は物置に設置していて、室内設置は給湯用の方であります。
で、メンテナンスの方に確認して頂いたら、悪夢のような結論。
「これは給湯ボイラー自体の特定部品の劣化の結果です。
確認しましたが、20年以上前の製品であり現在は製造から撤退した企業製品。
したがって交換可能な部品の在庫はありません。機種交換しかありません」
「で、現在の製品の市中在庫状況は・・・」
という悪夢のような宣告をじっと聞かされておりました（泣）。
建築を維持していく、生活インフラを維持して行くには給湯は現代生活で欠かせない。
調理やキッチンなどの用途については夏場でもあり
使用しないで多少の冷たさは我慢することは可能ですが、
お風呂についてはもう逃げ場がない状況に簡単に追い込まれる。
以下は経産省の2021年12月の発表概要。
「家庭用給湯器の安定供給に向けた要請を行いました」
〜現在、給湯器の部素材の調達難により家庭用給湯器需要に対し供給が遅延の
状況が発生しています。家庭用給湯器は暖房器具と同様、国民生活に不可欠であり、
その安定供給が求められています。特に冬季は需要が高まる時期であるとともに、
年度末に向け新築住宅の竣工数が大幅に増加していくことから、
その供給に支障をきたさないことが強く求められます。
こうした状況を踏まえ、家庭用給湯器の安定供給に向けた対応を行うよう、
経済産業省と国土交通省の連名で、関係団体に対し別添のとおり要請を行いました。
なお経済産業省においても、部素材調達におけるボトルネックの把握と
その解消に向けた取組や代替調達先の紹介など、必要な対応を図っていきます。〜

この危機以降、しかし特段の状況改善の動きは無かったのです。
そういう中でのわが家の給湯器危機の勃発という次第。
状況のきびしさは十分理解しつつ、至急の発注・設置工事を依頼。
いまのところ、九州に在庫があったという報告で最短で8/3という返答。
それまでは緊急避難として毎日、日帰り温泉施設に通う生活（泣笑）。
給湯のような設備はバックアップを確保しておくとか、
日常的にメンテナンスをして事前に修理交換を考えておくというのは困難。
機能代替手段というのはどう考えても思いつかない。
昭和前期のような家風呂のない時代からは少なくとも半世紀以上。
生活安全保障ということも思い知らされるところであります。う〜む。

English version⬇

Our kerosene water heater broke down 20 years after installation.
The harsh reality of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry’s December 2021 “request for a stable supply of household hot water heaters” has hit our home. We are forced to visit a hot spring for a day trip. …….

The global economy has been affected by various factors, including
The direct impact on the construction industry has been price hikes and shortages of various products due to the shortage of semiconductors.
As shown in the above information on product shortages, the tightness of “water heaters” is particularly noticeable.

While we were well aware of such information, we noticed something unusual about our water heater.
To our surprise, we smelled a strange petroleum odor in the house.
We have both a heating boiler and a hot water boiler.
The heating boiler is installed in a shed, and the hot water boiler is installed indoors.
When we asked the maintenance person to check the boiler, he came to a nightmarish conclusion: “This is a specific problem with the hot water boiler itself.
This is the result of deterioration of a specific component of the hot water boiler itself.
We checked, but the product is more than 20 years old and is a product of a company that has now withdrawn from production.
Therefore, there are no replaceable parts in stock. We have no choice but to replace the model.”
And what is the current stock status of the product in the market?
We were told this nightmarish pronouncement (tears).
Hot water supply is indispensable in modern life for maintaining architecture and living infrastructure.
As for uses such as cooking and kitchens, it is summer time.
It is possible to tolerate some coldness without using it, but
about baths, we are easily forced into a situation where there is no more escape.
The following is a summary of METI’s December 2021 announcement.
The Ministry has made a request for a stable supply of residential water heaters.”
〜Currently, there are delays in the supply of residential hot water heaters in response to demand due to difficulties in procurement of materials for hot water heater components.
The supply of residential water heaters has been delayed due to difficulties in procurement of materials for water heaters. Domestic water heaters, like heaters, are indispensable to people’s lives, and their stable supply is required.
Stable supply is required. Demand for domestic hot-water units increases especially during the winter season, and the completion of new housing construction toward the end of the fiscal year.
The number of newly constructed houses is expected to increase significantly toward the end of the fiscal year.
The supply of hot-water supply systems must not be interrupted.
In light of these circumstances, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) have agreed to take measures to ensure a stable supply of residential hot water units.
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) have jointly made the attached request to the relevant organizations to take measures to ensure stable supply of residential hot-water units.
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) is also working to identify and resolve bottlenecks in the procurement of materials for the department.
The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) will also take necessary measures such as identifying bottlenecks in the procurement of materials and introducing alternative procurement sources. ~~

Since the crisis, however, there has been no particular improvement in the situation.
It was against this backdrop that our water heater crisis erupted.
Fully aware of the severity of the situation, we requested an order and installation as soon as possible.
The earliest we could receive a response was August 3.
Until then, we had to go to a one-day spa every day as an emergency evacuation.
(Crying). We had to make sure that we had backups for facilities such as hot water supply.
It is difficult to maintain such facilities as hot water supply and to plan for repair and replacement in advance.
I can’t think of any functional alternatives.
It has been at least half a century since the early Showa period, when there were no home baths.
This is also a reminder of the need for life security. Hmmm.

Posted on 7月 27th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 住宅マーケティング, 日本社会・文化研究 | No Comments »

さて奈良県立民俗博物館・野外展示の古民家群シリーズそろそろ最終回。
たくさんの現代住宅探訪をしてきたわたしですが、
歳をとるごとに古民家での無言の取材先との「対話」のゆかしさに惹かれる。
自分でもそれがどういう意味合いなのか、よくわからないのだけれど、
たとえば上の写真のような室内の雰囲気に強く「陰影感」を感じる。
日本家屋の「開口部」は欧米のWindowとは違って「間の戸」。
欧米では比較的随意に「風の通り道」として開口するけれど
日本では柱の構造の間隔部にしか開口はできない。
断熱性気密性は塗り壁仕上げでのみ追求されてきた。
結果的には採光条件はあまり重視されず、室内は暗いものという感覚が育った。
数少ない開口からの採光が室内壁や建具類によってさらに陰影が強調された。

たぶんこの陰影感が日本民族に相当深い刷り込みをもたらしている。
なにか悲しい出来事があったとき、
室内で「さめざめと泣ける」空間が存在していた。
開放的な空間ではこのあたりの心的状況に十分対応できない。
やはり薄ぼんやりとした暗がりというのが、もっともふさわしい。
悲しいことの最たるものは家族の死だっただろうと思う。
古民家ではそういう死が折り重なって空間に刷り込まれている。
柱梁の自然のままの風合い、塗り壁の微妙な凹凸が生むグラデーション。
建具類も木の表情を自然に漂わせてくれる。
ようするに死者が吸い込まれるようにその陰影感に溶け込んでいく。
家族の生きているときの残像が家の中に滞留する感覚があって
ふとした瞬間に深く心理をかきむしって、さめざめとした涙が頬を伝う。
そういう空気感が訪れるものにも自然に伝わってくる感覚がある。
日本人なら誰しもがこういった内装空間での体感を共有している。
そして外観でも、そういう人の生き死にの痕跡が
仕上げ素材などにおのずと表情を生み出し、陰影が外化している。
きっとそういう佇まいが自然と見る者に感受されるのだろうか。


この野外展示住宅群では台所の加熱調理装置、おくどさんとも言われる
かまど群のデザインがみごとに一律的だった。
おおむね住宅は江戸期建築のものだったので
この時期に、奈良盆地地域ではこういう規格化が進んでいたものか。
いろいろ調べてみたいと思ったけれど、手掛かりがなかなか掴めなかった。
現代のシステムキッチンとは違って、微妙に各戸で表情に違いがある。
調理装置であると同時に土製としてゆったりとした放射熱も感じられただろう。
食と暖で家族の命をささえる基本装置。
余韻のある視覚体験がまだ残像として残り続けている。

English version⬇

A sense of shadows layered by the life and death of people Yamato Historical Testimony-29
An old private house space composed only of natural light and natural materials. The overlapping of the lives and deaths of family members probably forms the mother of the mental landscape of the people. …

This is the final installment of the series of old houses in the open-air exhibition at the Nara Prefectural Museum of Folklore.
I have visited many modern houses.
As I get older, I am more and more attracted to the quiet “dialogue” in old private houses with the people I visit.
I don’t really know what that means to me, but I am fascinated by the atmosphere of the rooms, such as the one in the photo above.
For example, I feel a strong sense of “shadow” in the atmosphere of the interior as shown in the photo above.
The “opening” of a Japanese house is different from that of a Western window, which is a “door between doors.
In the West, the opening is relatively voluntary as a “passageway for the wind.
In Japan, openings are only allowed at intervals in the pillar structure.
Insulation and airtightness have been pursued only with painted wall finishes.
As a result, lighting conditions have not been emphasized much, and a sense that the interior is dark has developed.
The few openings that allowed light into the house were further shaded by the interior walls and fixtures.

Perhaps this sense of shading is deeply ingrained in the Japanese people.
When something sad happens
When something sad happened, there existed a space where one could “cry softly” indoors.
An open space is not enough to deal with this kind of emotional situation.
A dimly-lit darkness is the most appropriate.
I think the saddest thing was the death of a family member.
In an old private house, such deaths are layered and imprinted on the space.
The natural texture of the pillars and beams, the gradation created by the subtle unevenness of the painted walls.
The fixtures and fittings also let the expression of the wood drift naturally into the room.
In a word, the dead are absorbed into the shadows of the house.
There is a sense that afterimages of the family’s life linger in the house.
At a moment’s notice, a deep psychological stirring occurs, and a wistful tear rolls down the cheek.
There is a sense that this kind of atmosphere is naturally transmitted to visitors.
Every Japanese person shares this kind of experience in interior spaces.
And even on the exterior, traces of human life and death can be seen.
The finishing materials naturally create expressions, and shadows are externalized.
This kind of appearance may be naturally perceived by the interviewer.

The design of the kitchen heating and cooking equipment, also known as “okudo-san,” in this group of open-air exhibition houses was wonderfully uniform.
The design of the kitchens, also known as “okudo-san,” was quite uniform in this group of open-air exhibition houses.
The houses were generally built in the Edo period (1603-1867).
I wondered if this kind of standardization had progressed in the Nara Basin area during this period.
I wanted to do some research, but I could not find any clues.
Unlike modern system kitchens, each house has a slightly different look.
As well as being a cooking device, it was also made of clay, so it would have radiated heat in a relaxed manner.
It is a basic device that sustains the lives of the family with food and warmth.
The lingering visual experience still remains as an afterimage.

Posted on 7月 25th, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 住宅マーケティング, 日本社会・文化研究 | No Comments »

商家としての町家という日本の建築文化。
それぞれの「家業」に即していろいろなスタイルが存在した。
この家ではお米屋さんという生業のありようも垣間見える。
一方で、町家は職住一体感が非常に強く感じられる。
この家では自給的な井戸が残されていて
いかにも独立的生存装置のように思えて印象的だった。
日本の住文化というのはそもそもが職住一体が基本なのだと思う。
古建築住宅の場合、その暮らし・生き様がよくわからないのは、
武家住宅と長屋住宅に局限されるように思う。
長屋住宅は江戸で「奉公」するという形での生き方しかできなかった
農家の次男三男層が選択した生活環境。「一旗揚げる」気概を胸に
最初は極小面積賃貸に住み、そのなかでよりマシな階層に身分上昇し
ようやく同じ長屋での賃貸戸建てに住み所帯を構えるまでになれた人もいた。
商家に奉公した場合には番頭クラスになれた場合などに相当する。
そこからさらに身分上昇できると都市での戸建て住宅を得ることも
万に一つ、ありえたということだろう。商家奉公人の場合、暖簾分け相当。
きわめて機会の少ない「江戸での成功者」確率に
それでも挑戦せざるを得なかったひとの生き様も多数派だったのだと思う。
大部分の長屋賃貸生活者は、所帯を持てることもなく
江戸社会の中で安住を得ることは難しかったのだろうと思う。
江戸期に「個人主義」が芽生えるとすればこういう階層が
その主役になるべきだったろうけれどその確率はきわめてレアだった。
古代西洋社会、ローマなどの「市民」と「奴隷」の仕分けで見れば
体のいい奴隷だったともいえるのかもしれない。
ただ、日本社会は古代西洋のような過酷さはなく、
より人権的社会システムだったように思える。
すくなくともそういう階層が差別扱いをされるようなことはなかった。
一方、武家住宅を見ていると基本的に「生活感」が乏しい。
いかにも虚構の権威主義のなかで生きていたように感じられる。
「武士は食わねど高楊枝」みたいに空虚な虚栄心で心理を維持していた。

そのような江戸期「都市居住」類型のなかでは商家の職住一体感は
強い「生活感」をもって迫ってくる部分がある。
商家自身も江戸期社会の固定的家系でのシステムに組み込まれていたけれど、
しかしいちばん「自由」な生き方を生きていたように思う。
少なくとも商売についてはそれぞれの知恵と工夫で才覚を発揮もできただろう。
が、基本的には社会全体は武家支配という抑圧があり
突破する方向性としてはその支配構造を利用するしかなかっただろう。
商業の自由はなく「取り入る」という努力の仕方がやむなき選択。
個人的には田沼意次の政権が幕府でよりながく継続していれば、
江戸体制にも存続可能性があったと思うけれど、
「賄賂政治」だというバカげた他者非難で資本主義的社会進歩を抑圧した。
結果、そういう固陋な思考が幕末まで続いてしまったのだろう。

いま新しい資本主義というやや実態不明な題目を政権は掲げている。
より資本主義的な発展を図らない限り、この国の未来はない。
社会発展のダイナミズムはさてどういう動きの中から出てくるのでしょうか？

English version⬇

The Edo Period’s “Work and Residence Togetherness” of Town Houses: Yamato Historical Testimony-26
The Edo period, when society was fixed. The ruling class is too perverse, although elements of development can be found in the way of life of merchant families. The traditional art of condemnation of ridiculous ethics. …

The Japanese architectural culture of the machiya as a merchant house.
Various styles existed in line with each “family business.
In this house, we can catch a glimpse of a rice dealer’s business.
On the other hand, the machiya house has a very strong sense of unity between work and residence.
In this house, a self-sufficient well remains.
I was impressed by the fact that it seems to be an independent survival device.
I believe that the Japanese housing culture is based on the concept of “work and residence as one.
In the case of old houses, it is difficult to understand the lifestyle of the residents.
In the case of old houses, I think that the lack of understanding of the way of life is limited to samurai residences and tenement houses.
The tenement houses were the only way of life for the second and third sons of farmers who could only live as “servants” in Edo.
The second and third sons of farmers chose this type of living environment. With the spirit of “making a name for themselves
They first lived in a very small rented house, and then moved up to a better class within the family.
Some of them finally managed to live in a rented house in the same tenement and set up their own household.
In the case of those who were apprenticed to a merchant family, this would be equivalent to being in the banto class.
If you were able to rise further in rank, you could even get a detached house in the city.
This was a one-in-a-thousand chance. In the case of merchant family servants, it is the equivalent of being a “noren-keisatsu” (goodwill divider).
The probability of being a “successful person in Edo” was extremely low.
I believe that there were many people who had no choice but to take up the challenge.
Most of the tenement renters were not able to have their own families.
It would have been difficult for them to find a safe haven in Edo society.
If “individualism” was to sprout in the Edo period
However, the probability of such a situation was extremely rare.
If we look at ancient Western societies, such as Rome, and sort out “citizens” and “slaves
It could be said that they were slaves in the sense that they were good for the body.
However, Japanese society was not as harsh as that of the ancient West.
It seems that Japanese society was not as harsh as that of the ancient West, but was a more human rights-oriented social system.
At the very least, such classes were not discriminated against.
On the other hand, when we look at samurai residences, there is basically a lack of a “sense of life.
It is as if they were living in a fictional authoritarianism.
They maintained their mentality with an empty sense of vanity, as if to say, “Samurai don’t eat, but they do eat.

In this type of “urban residence” of the Edo period, the sense of unity of work and residence of the merchant family
The merchant family itself was part of the fixed family system of Edo period society, but it was also a part of the family system of the Edo period.
Although merchant families themselves were part of the fixed family system of Edo period society
However, I think they lived the most “free” way of life.
At least in the area of business, they were able to exercise their own wisdom and ingenuity.
However, the society as a whole was basically under the oppression of samurai rule, and the direction to break through the oppression was to use the structure of that rule.
The only way to break through this oppression would have been to take advantage of the ruling structure.
There was no freedom of commerce, and the only choice was to “take in” the oppressor’s efforts.
Personally, I believe that if Tanuma Iiji’s regime had continued in the Bakufu for a longer period of time, the Edo system would have been more viable.
I think the Edo system would have had a chance of survival if Tanuma Iiji’s regime had lasted longer in the Bakufu.
However, he suppressed capitalist social progress by ridiculously accusing others of “bribe politics.
As a result, such perverse thinking continued until the end of the Edo period.

Now, the regime is raising the somewhat unrealistic title of “new capitalism.
There is no future for this country unless it pursues a more capitalist development.
What kind of dynamic of social development will emerge from this movement?

Posted on 7月 23rd, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 住宅マーケティング, 日本社会・文化研究 | No Comments »

奈良盆地の古民家探訪、今回は盆地の南西部・大和高田市の町家。
大和高田市は古来から東西に「横大路」（初瀬街道）と南北には
「下街道」という主要路が交差した要所で近世までは
宿場町・商業の町として発達したとされる。
鹿沼家は、横大路の北側に居を構え代々米屋を営んでいたと伝えられている。
建築年代は現存する「請取普請状」により文化９年（1812年）と判断される。
この主屋の表側の庇部分には格子を飾り二階の両端には袖壁を付け、
中央部に出格子を飾るところなどは町屋特有の姿をよく表しており、
県内では最も古い例に挙げることができるとされる。
ちなみに現代の同市の町家の様子が以下の写真がWEBで紹介されていた。

江戸時代・日本社会では商業取引自体への課税について
経済管理思想のしっかりした方針は明瞭には見えない。
われわれ現代人はそれなりに論理的な課税施策に慣れているけれど、
江戸期の徳川幕府体制では個別の商取引に対する課税は難しかった。
特定の仕事に課税される運上・冥加また臨時の事業や財政の穴埋めのために
賦課される上納金もあったが、江戸時代の課税の中心はいわゆる「年貢」。
商家には建築間口に対して固定資産税課税するくらいが基本だった。
武家権力とは「一所懸命」が基本思想であってひたすら「土地の権利」が
最上位価値とされて社会運営してきた。
田沼意次などの活躍で商業活力を基盤にした政権運営の萌芽があったけれど、
かれの失脚とともに「賄賂政治」というヒステリー弾劾が
政権内部で叫ばれていってかれは失権しその萌芽は窒息させられた。
個人的にはこの田沼意次への攻撃が、非論理的な他者非難を日本人の特性として
最初に刷り込んだ事態だったのではと思っています。
田沼さんは勃興する経済活力をどうやって政権運営に取り込んだらいいか、
言い換えれば経済を論理的に解明して幕府財政を抜本的に改革しようとした。
織田信長以来の開明的「楽市楽座」思想が税制の基本・財政骨格にならなかった。
田沼政治をひたすら「倫理的に」批判して清廉潔白であることが
目的化していった流れというのは、現代のいまに至るも
政治批判・他者非難ヒステリー現象に息づいているのではないか。
現代最新の動きでは、国家財政破綻して大統領が国外逃亡したスリランカでは
SDGs思想の「理念」優先で大統領が化学肥料禁止の農業「改革」をした結果
生産がほぼ半分程度まで一気に減少して財政破綻に立ち至ったのだとされる。
きれいごとで飢えさせられる民と、現代の「理念」では賞賛された逃亡権力者。
理念優先・経済音痴の不都合な真実、民にとってはバカ殿以外の何物でもない。

おっと、まったく論旨がズレまくり（笑）。
しかし一方で日本の町家建築には汲めども尽きない「合理主義」思想が
そこに見いだせると思っています。という建築解析はあした以降に。

English version⬇

The Kanuma Family of Town Houses and the Shogunate’s Tax System Yamato Historical Testimony-24
Sri Lanka’s national financial collapse due to prioritizing SDGs ideals. The collapse of the Edo Shogunate due to its economic incompetence. Criticism of others prioritizing ethics and a living economy. …

In this installment of “Exploring Old Houses in the Nara Basin,” we will visit a townhouse in Yamatotakada City, located in the southwestern part of the basin.
Since ancient times, Yamatotakada City has been at the crossroads of two major roads, Yoko-oji (Hatsuse-kaido) from east to west and Shimo-kaido from north to south.
The city of Yamatotakada has been an important place where two main roads, Yoko-oji (Hatsuse-kaido) from east to west and Shimo-kaido from north to south, crossed.
The Kanuma family lived on Yoko-oji Street, which was a major thoroughfare in Yamatotakada City.
The Kanuma family is said to have lived on the north side of Yoko Oji and operated a rice store for generations.
According to an extant “letter of undertaking and fukinsho”, the building was constructed in the 9th year of Bunka era (1812).
The front eaves of the main building are decorated with latticework, and the two ends of the second floor are decorated with sleeve walls.
The latticework on the front eaves and the latticework in the center of the second floor are typical of machiya houses.
It is said to be one of the oldest examples of machiya in the prefecture.
The following photos of modern machiya houses in the city were introduced on the Web.

In the Edo period and Japanese society, taxation of commercial transactions itself
In the Edo period (1603-1867) and Japanese society, a firm policy of economic management thought regarding taxation of commercial transactions itself is not clearly evident.
Although we moderns are accustomed to a reasonably logical taxation policy, it was difficult to tax individual commercial transactions under the Tokugawa Shogunate in the Edo period.
However, under the Tokugawa shogunate in the Edo period, it was difficult to tax individual commercial transactions.
The Tokugawa Shogunate system in the Edo period had difficulty in taxing individual business transactions.
There were also taxes levied on specific jobs, such as luck and money orders, as well as on temporary businesses and to make up for financial losses.
The main source of taxation in the Edo period was the so-called “annual tribute.” For merchant families, property taxation was levied on the floor space of their buildings.
The basic idea of samurai power was to “work hard,” and “land rights” were the highest value in society.
The samurai power was based on the idea of “working hard,” and the “right to the land” was the highest value.
The government was based on the commercial vitality of the people, but with the downfall of Tanuma Iiji, “bribery” became the norm.
But with his downfall, the hysterical impeachment of “bribery politics
The budding of the administration was choked off when Tanuma lost his power.
Personally, I believe that this attack on Iniji Tanuma was the first time that the illogical condemnation of others was imprinted as a characteristic of the Japanese people.
I personally believe that this attack on Iniji Tanuma was the first situation that imprinted the illogical blaming of others as a Japanese characteristic.
Mr. Tanuma was trying to figure out how to incorporate the emerging economic vitality into his administration.
In other words, he tried to fundamentally reform the finances of the shogunate by logically elucidating the economy.
The open-minded “rakuichi rakuza” philosophy, which had existed since Oda Nobunaga, did not become the basis of the taxation system or the fiscal framework.
The objective was to be clean and honest by criticizing Tanuma’s politics “ethically”.
The trend of making Tanuma’s politics “ethically” critical and purity the objective is a trend that continues to the present day.
This trend, which is still alive today, may be seen in the phenomenon of political criticism and hysteria of blaming others.
In Sri Lanka, where the president fled the country after the national financial collapse
The president’s agricultural “reform” banning chemical fertilizers in favor of the “ideology” of the SDGs has resulted in a dramatic decline in production by almost half.
As a result, production dropped to almost half of what it had been before, leading to the financial collapse.
A people starved by a clean slate, and a fugitive powerhouse lauded by the modern SDG philosophy.
The people are nothing but a bunch of fools to the people, including the administration of a clean and economically illiterate government.

Oops, I’m totally off-topic (laughs).
But on the other hand, I believe that there is a never-ending “rationalist” philosophy to be found in Japanese machiya architecture.
I believe that the “rationalist” philosophy that is endless in Japanese machiya architecture can be found in it. I will leave the architectural analysis for tomorrow.

Posted on 7月 21st, 2022 by 三木 奎吾
Filed under: 住宅マーケティング, 日本社会・文化研究 | No Comments »