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English version\u2b07<\/p>\n

The construction of the pit dwelling and foundation perimeter – Tokoro Site-2
\nIn a society of 30 mura members, the labor work of \u201cdigging\u201d a pit dwelling is a major undertaking. It was a major undertaking for a society of 30 mura members to \u201cdig\u201d a pit dwelling, and it would have been a significant public benefit to know how the technique was passed on to future generations. The site of the<\/p>\n

\u3000The \u201cTokoro Site\u201d in Tokoro Town, Kitami City, Hokkaido, contains traces of pit dwellings dating from around 4,000 years ago. The last \u201cAbrasive Culture Period\u201d was about 1,000 years ago, which means the traces of the predecessors for a total of 3,000 years.
\n\u3000From the aspect of housing, \u201cpit dwellings\u201d have consistently been built to serve as the foundation of human activities. The pit can be said to be the \u201ccradle\u201d of human culture in Hokkaido. When we visited this site in 2009, we were able to observe the reconstruction process of the pit dwellings. The University of Tokyo has been excavating the entire site for many years. The \u201cconstruction method\u201d seems to have been analyzed based on the results of that research.
\n\u3000It is said that a stable geothermal environment at the level of the average annual temperature of the region can be obtained in a pit dwelling by excavating the ground surface lower than the \u201cfreezing depth\u201d of the region (the depth at which the soil freezes to that level) and using it as the floor surface of the dwelling space.
\n\u3000Especially in cold regions, it is arguable that the most important thing is to have a stable indoor climate throughout the year. The average annual temperature in Sapporo is said to be around 8.9 degrees Celsius, while in Tokoro, Kitami City, it is around 5 degrees Celsius. The living environment was secured by the constant heat from the geothermal heat from the hearth and the use of heath plants to retain heat.
\n\u3000This kind of modern scientific knowledge of the living environment itself was not shared by the people of the past, but it is likely that they acquired this kind of living environment as \u201chuman experiential knowledge\u201d to cope with the northern environment. Among the restored dwellings I saw in Shibetsu, also in the Okhotsk region, some were nearly one meter deep.
\n\u3000At this site, the pit excavation method used was to enclose the perimeter of the ground with wood like a fence, identify the inner part of the fence as the interior of the dwelling, and \u201cdig down\u201d into the ground. After being dug down, it also functioned as an \u201cearth retaining\u201d structure.
\n\u3000The plank material of the wooden fence here was worked with modern tools, but of course, at the time of its construction, the wood would have been planked with a more crude technique. Was the wood split with a stone axe?
\n\u3000The site is located on a \u201cslightly elevated plateau,\u201d and the soil itself is presumed to have been soft and suitable for excavation. The selection of such a topography suitable for pit house construction must have been made possible by the knowledge of mankind since ancient times. Of course, it was suitable for hunting and gathering as a basic livelihood and for fishing for salmon trout, which can be collected in a sedentary environment, and the animal protein source in the mountains and fields would have been an additional record of such fishing. Salmon trout could be dried to provide a stable food source throughout the year.
\n\u3000It can be assumed that the work of digging these pits was quite labor intensive. It was assumed that there were about 10 people living together in each pit, but since there were always about three pit houses in a village, the population size was about 30 people. Considering the workable population, the construction of a single house would have been a major undertaking for a mura society.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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