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\n\u304a\u6c42\u3081\u306fAmazon\u3067\u3002
\nhttps:\/\/amzn.asia\/d\/eUiv9yO<\/a>
\n\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

English version\u2b07<\/p>\n

The Loyalist Ideology of Merchant Heads During the Bakumatsu-Meiji Restoration Period and Their Transition to Agriculture
\nThe loyalist ideology connecting Fukuyama Domain’s Confucian scholar Suga Chazan and his student Rai Sanyo. Did the turbulent political climate create a \u201ctorn\u201d state of mind for merchant heads? …<\/p>\n

\u3000By the late Edo period, this merchant house had grown large enough to hold funerals for its head family members, numbering around 150 in total. Yet, caught up in the political upheavals of the Bakumatsu and Meiji Restoration, it was buffeted by change and faced decline. Seeking a reversal of fortune, the family made the decision to relocate to Hokkaido. While different from the samurai world, this feels like a typical example of an Edo-period merchant house.
\n\u3000The Chinese poetry my great-grandfather wrote during this turbulent Bakumatsu-Meiji Restoration period\u2014expressing his feelings about transitioning from merchant to farmer\u2014was hung on the transom of the house in the suburbs of Iwamizawa City, Hokkaido, where I lived until age three.
\nThat framed poem is now lost. But my brothers retain a vivid \u201cmemory\u201d of it. I long to sense my great-grandfather’s own voice through those Chinese poems, voices from the era he lived…
\nHis name was T\u014dsaku. The posthumous Buddhist name preserved in our family includes the character \u201c\u6212\u201d (kae), meaning \u201cto admonish.\u201d This suggests a hesitation to explore or record the details of his life.
\nI suspect political reasons likely lay behind this.
\n\u3000His life spanned 52 years, from 1831 to 1883. He was 31 when the decisive end of the sankin-kotai system came in 1862. The defeat in the Second Ch\u014dsh\u016b Expedition, a watershed event for the Fukuyama domain leading to the overthrow of the shogunate, occurred in 1866 when he was 34. Eight years later, at age 42, he transitioned from a merchant family to a farming household.
\n\u3000His great-grandfather studied at the Renjuku private school (pictured above), founded by Suganayama, a Confucian scholar from the Fukuyama domain. Suganayama was born in the post station of Kanbe, about 18 km from Imazu, a post station deeply involved in the family’s business. This school was also attended by Rai Sanyo, whose writings became the spiritual backbone for radical imperial loyalists in the Bakumatsu period.
\n\u3000Rai Sanyo also stayed at Imazu-juku, and our family possessed a \u201cRai Sanyo calligraphy piece.\u201d The photo above shows Rai Sanyo’s calligraphy found on a website trading ancient documents.
\nHaving studied at that same school and naming his own child \u201cMinosaburo,\u201d This naming choice seems to have been emotionally inspired by Rai Sanzabur\u014d, the son of Rai Sany\u014d\u2014an extreme ideologue executed during the Ansei Purge.
\nThough part of the Tokugawa clan’s \u201cpro-shogunate\u201d branch that produced Abe Masahiro, the senior councilor who led the opening of the country in the Bakumatsu period, they showed a posture of surrender to the imperial forces and the Ch\u014dsh\u016b army. Furthermore, in the final Battle of Hakodate, they dispatched troops to suppress the rebel forces. A political and military stance that seemed to \u201ctear apart\u201d spirit and flesh. The domain’s political and military trajectory during this period can be imagined through my great-grandfather’s deeds.
\nBeyond mere economic collapse, he likely experienced a fierce spiritual \u201ctearing apart\u201d between his \u201cposition as a merchant loyal to the domain\u201d and the \u201cimperial loyalty ideology learned at the Renshu Academy.\u201d
\n\u3000Could the Chinese poem on the transom be an expression of that ideology and his resolve to abandon his family business and return to the earth?
\nI long to somehow trace its lingering echoes…<\/p>\n

Notice
\nMy book \u201cWriters and Living Spaces\u201d published as an e-book by Gentosha
\nAvailable on Amazon.<\/p>\n

\u3000<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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