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\n\u3000
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\nhttps:\/\/amzn.asia\/d\/eUiv9yO<\/a>
\n\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

English version\u2b07<\/p>\n

\u3010Meiji Restoration and Social Revolution: What Happened to Edo-Period Merchants Amidst the Upheaval?\u3011
\nThe disappearance of an entire \u201cregional economy\u201d estimated at roughly 200 billion yen in modern terms. Samurai, merchants, and peasants alike were literally left destitute. …<\/p>\n

\u3000The photograph shows the poplar tree-lined avenue at Hokkaido University, symbolizing Japan’s \u201cWesternization\u201d during the Meiji era. On the other hand, we see scenes of the \u201cSankin-kotai\u201d system mentioned yesterday. As Japanese history progressed from the Bakumatsu period to the Meiji Restoration, the social structure underwent drastic changes.
\n\u3000Regional commercial businesses, which had adapted to the feudal samurai class’s autocratic rule during the Edo period, were forced to change. Indeed, the feudal domains themselves were financially bankrupt, burdened by borrowing and repaying loans from moneylenders and usurers. It is doubtful whether payments to local businesses that operated the sankin-kotai system as a commercial venture were ever smoothly settled. Nevertheless, as regional economic actors in the Edo period, they undoubtedly sought the best possible solution within that system.
\n\u3000The era progressed from the arrival of the Black Ships through the Meiji Restoration, a change of government, towards Westernization and the introduction of a market economy. Even within this context, elements of the feudal, political-commercial system likely persisted, stubbornly transforming within the centralized regime. However, this survival was limited to certain domain politicians within the new government forces that seized power and their \u201centourage.\u201d For local merchants without connections, the complete disappearance of regional political-commercial networks and the sankin-kotai business model by 1862 must have been devastating.
\nEven without this, domains were already economically bankrupt by the Bakumatsu period, so the sankin-kotai business model was undoubtedly already collapsing. Both samurai and merchants alike surely stood at a crossroads. Furthermore, the Meiji \u201cLand Tax Reform,\u201d which transformed the previous \u201cannual tribute\u201d into \u201ctaxes,\u201d triggered massive uprisings among the peasantry.
\nWhile I estimated the income from the \u201cImazu Camp\u201d in the sankin-kotai business at 50-70 million yen in modern currency terms yesterday, the estimated GDP for all of Japan in this era was only about 1\/4,000th of today’s. Conversely, while it’s difficult to make a direct comparison with today’s monetized economy, imagining the scale of this \u201cSankin-Kotai business\u201d suggests a value roughly 4,000 times greater\u2014about 200 billion yen. It was truly the very essence of a \u201cregional economy.\u201d
\nMy family witnessed the collapse of this business model firsthand. It was terrifying. There’s a phrase \u201cearth-shattering,\u201d and I believe this was precisely such a moment. Amidst this, Hokkaido, bubbling with development driven by \u201cWesternization\u201d as seen in the photograph, must have appeared dazzlingly bright.
\nNotice
\nMy book \u201cWriters and Living Spaces\u201d published as an e-book by Gentosha
\nAvailable on Amazon.
\n\u3000<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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